6342983
LIHTC
1
apa
50
date
1
1
title
935
https://www.thehousinghub.ca/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%223K28GLTV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Luque%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLuque%2C%20J.%20%282020%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0166046217303277%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BAssessing%20the%20role%20of%20TIF%20and%20LIHTC%20in%20an%20equilibrium%20model%20of%20affordable%20housing%20development%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BRegional%20Science%20and%20Urban%20Economics%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B80%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.regsciurbeco.2018.06.005%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Assessing%20the%20role%20of%20TIF%20and%20LIHTC%20in%20an%20equilibrium%20model%20of%20affordable%20housing%20development%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jaime%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Luque%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20goal%20of%20this%20paper%20is%20to%20understand%20the%20impact%20of%20the%20Tax%20Incremental%20Financing%20%28TIF%29%20and%20the%20Low%20Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20programs%20in%20an%20equilibrium%20model%20of%20a%5Cufb00ordable%20housing%20development.%20A%20TIF%20policy%20can%20implement%20an%20equilibrium%20where%20the%20construction%20of%20a%5Cufb00ordable%20housing%20becomes%20feasible%20%28it%20passes%20the%20%5Cu201cbut%20for%20%5Cu201d%20test%29.%20TIF%20is%20also%20e%5Cufb00ective%20in%20ameliorating%20a%20housing%20a%5Cufb00ordability%20crisis%20resulting%20from%20supply%20frictions%20in%20the%20housing%20market%20%28e.g.%2C%20zoning%20constraints%20and%20NIMBYism%29.%20However%2C%20TIF%20has%20the%20pervasive%20e%5Cufb00ect%20of%20increasing%20the%20construction%20costs.%20TIF%20also%20has%20implications%20for%20global%20corporations%20that%20buy%20LIHTCs%3A%20it%20induces%20them%20to%20rebalance%20their%20portfolios%20of%20LIHTC%20equity%20away%20from%20municipalities%20that%20rely%20on%20TIF.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2201%5C%2F2020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.regsciurbeco.2018.06.005%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2201660462%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0166046217303277%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-11T14%3A45%3A26Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Low%20Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22TIF%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Tax%20Incremental%20Financing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Tax%20Incremental%20Financing%20%28TIF%29%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20development%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22debt%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22equity%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22%5Cu201cBut%20for%5Cu201d%20test%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WXELCHMP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Reid%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-07-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BReid%2C%20C.%20K.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2019.1582549%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BRethinking%20%26quot%3BOpportunity%26quot%3B%20in%20the%20Siting%20of%20Affordable%20Housing%20in%20California%3A%20Resident%20Perspectives%20on%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%20Policy%20Debate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B29%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%20645%5Cu2013669.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2019.1582549%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rethinking%20%5C%22Opportunity%5C%22%20in%20the%20Siting%20of%20Affordable%20Housing%20in%20California%3A%20Resident%20Perspectives%20on%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolina%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reid%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%202017%2C%20California%20revised%20its%20Quali%5Cufb01ed%20Allocation%20Plan%20to%20encourage%20more%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20development%20in%20high-opportunity%20neighborhoods%2C%20with%20the%20goal%20of%20improving%20residents%5Cu2019%20economic%20mobility.%20However%2C%20very%20little%20research%20exists%20on%20LIHTC%20residents%2C%20their%20barriers%20to%20economic%20mobility%2C%20or%20their%20neighborhood%20preferences.%20In%20this%20article%2C%20I%20draw%20on%20qualitative%20surveys%20and%20interviews%20with%20residents%20living%20in%2018%20LIHTC%20developments%20across%20California%20to%20explore%20the%20linkages%20between%20housing%20a%5Cufb00ordability%2C%20neighborhood%20conditions%2C%20and%20access%20to%20educational%20and%20economic%20opportunity.%20Although%20largely%20exploratory%2C%20the%20research%20sheds%20light%20on%20the%20experiences%20of%20LIHTC%20residents%20and%20reveals%20both%20the%20bene%5Cufb01ts%20of%20a%5Cufb00ordable%20housing%20and%20the%20barriers%20households%20face%20to%20improving%20their%20economic%20circumstances.%20The%20%5Cufb01ndings%20problematize%20the%20idea%20of%20high-opportunity%20neighborhoods%2C%20revealing%20that%20residents%5Cu2019%20barriers%20to%20opportunity%20are%20driven%20not%20necessarily%20by%20neighborhood%20factors%20but%20rather%20by%20the%20lack%20of%20a%20ladder%20in%20labor%20and%20housing%20markets.%20Further%2C%20residents%5Cu2019%20own%20perceptions%20of%20desirable%20neighborhoods%20are%20signi%5Cufb01cantly%20more%20nuanced%20than%20the%20opportunity%20maps%5Cu2014which%20will%20determine%20where%20California%5Cu2019s%20LIHTC%20investments%20go%5Cu2014can%20capture.%20The%20article%20discusses%20the%20policy%20implications%20of%20these%20%5Cufb01ndings%2C%20and%20calls%20for%20more%20research%20to%20speci%5Cufb01cally%20understand%20the%20linkages%20between%20LIHTC%20subsidy%2C%20neighborhood%20conditions%2C%20and%20access%20to%20opportunity%20for%20lower%20income%20households.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-07-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10511482.2019.1582549%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-1482%2C%202152-050X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2019.1582549%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-03-22T01%3A54%3A30Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20siting%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighborhood%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22opportunity%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PSM2EJJ2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McClure%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-01-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMcClure%2C%20K.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1469526%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BWhat%20Should%20Be%20the%20Future%20of%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20Program%3F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%20Policy%20Debate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B29%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%2065%5Cu201381.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1469526%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22What%20Should%20Be%20the%20Future%20of%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20Program%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kirk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McClure%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20research%20examines%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20developments%20in%20metropolitan%20areas%20nationwide.%20The%20results%20indicate%20that%20the%20LIHTC%20program%20contributes%20to%20the%20spatial%20concentration%20of%20poverty%20as%20well%20as%20of%20racial%20and%20ethnic%20minorities.%20The%20program%20is%20not%20promoting%20mixed-income%20housing.%20The%20program%20is%20serving%20an%20income%20category%20with%20very%20little%20need%20for%20additional%20units%20and%20is%20not%20serving%20those%20with%20a%20need.%20Finally%2C%20the%20program%20is%20increasing%20the%20rental%20housing%20stock%20in%20soft%20markets%20and%20failing%20to%20increase%20the%20supply%20in%20tight%20ones.%20It%20is%20recommended%20that%20states%20adopt%20allocation%20standards%20that%20would%20deconcentrate%20poverty%20and%20a%5Cufb03rmatively%20further%20fair%20housing.%20The%20bene%5Cufb01ts%20of%20the%20program%20should%20be%20recon%5Cufb01gured%20to%20promote%20mixed-income%20housing.%20The%20LIHTC%20program%20should%20permit%20states%20to%20exchange%20tax-credit%20authority%20for%20vouchers%2C%20to%20better%20serve%20the%20poorest%20households.%20The%20program%20should%20exercise%20greater%20rigor%20in%20market%20analysis%20so%20that%20new%20units%20are%20added%20only%20in%20tight%20markets%20and%20deteriorated%20units%20are%20rehabilitated%20elsewhere.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-01-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1469526%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-1482%2C%202152-050X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1469526%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-09-14T14%3A51%3A02Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20funding%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22development%5C%2Frevitalization%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22low-income%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22rental%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22tax%20credit%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22vacancy%20rates%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CQJB4HFW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McClure%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-01-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMcClure%2C%20K.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F19491247.2017.1362756%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BThe%20allocation%20of%20rental%20assistance%20resources%3A%20the%20paradox%20of%20high%20housing%20costs%20and%20high%20vacancy%20rates%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BInternational%20Journal%20of%20Housing%20Policy%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B19%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%2069%5Cu201394.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F19491247.2017.1362756%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20allocation%20of%20rental%20assistance%20resources%3A%20the%20paradox%20of%20high%20housing%20costs%20and%20high%20vacancy%20rates%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kirk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McClure%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20United%20States%20follows%20a%20dual%20strategy%20to%20address%20housing%20affordability%20problems%20among%20low-income%20renter%20households.%20The%20dual%20strategy%20is%20premised%20on%20a%20demand-side%20programme%20for%20soft%20markets%20and%20a%20supply-side%20programme%20for%20tight%20markets.%20An%20examination%20of%20housing%20markets%20in%20the%20US%20shows%20that%20market%20conditions%20do%20not%20provide%20much%20justi%5Cufb01cation%20for%20the%20supply-side%20approach.%20Most%20markets%20are%20simultaneously%20experiencing%20high%20rents%20with%20high%20vacancy%20rates%20suggesting%20that%20the%20demand-side%2C%20voucher%20approach%20is%20better%20suited%20to%20current%20needs%20in%20these%20markets.%20High%20rents%20drive%20affordability%20problems%2C%20but%20the%20high%20rent%20levels%20appear%20to%20be%20unrelated%20to%20market%20tightness.%20The%20implications%20are%20that%2C%20in%20most%20markets%2C%20supply-side%20programmes%20are%20not%20well%20suited%20to%20current%20market%20conditions%2C%20that%20expansion%20of%20the%20stock%20of%20housing%20through%20supply-side%20programmes%20will%20not%20bring%20down%20rents%2C%20and%20that%20ample%20units%20exist%20to%20facilitate%20the%20implementation%20of%20an%20expanded%20demand-side%20programme.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-01-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F19491247.2017.1362756%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221949-1247%2C%201949-1255%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F19491247.2017.1362756%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-20T00%3A13%3A37Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22rental%20assistance%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22vacancy%20rates%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22vouchers%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22H3SDP26W%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Reina%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BReina%2C%20V.%20J.%2C%20Wegmann%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Guerra%2C%20E.%20%282019%29.%20Are%20Location%20Affordability%20and%20Fair%20Housing%20on%20a%20Collision%20Course%3F%20Race%2C%20Transportation%20Costs%2C%20and%20the%20Siting%20of%20Subsidized%20Housing.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCityscape%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B21%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Are%20Location%20Affordability%20and%20Fair%20Housing%20on%20a%20Collision%20Course%3F%20Race%2C%20Transportation%20Costs%2C%20and%20the%20Siting%20of%20Subsidized%20Housing%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jake%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wegmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Erick%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guerra%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20this%20article%2C%20we%20explore%20whether%20efforts%20to%20incorporate%20location%20affordability%2C%20which%20account%20for%20housing%20and%20transportation%20costs%2C%20in%20the%20siting%20of%20subsidized%20housing%20present%20potential%20conflicts%20with%20the%20Fair%20Housing%20Act%20goals.%20To%20do%20so%2C%20we%20look%20at%20housing%20and%20transportation%20costs%20and%20the%20siting%20of%20subsidized%20housing%20through%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20program%20by%20race%20across%20the%20country%20and%20then%20by%20the%2025%20largest%20metropolitan%20statistical%20areas.%20We%20find%20that%20areas%20with%20lower%20housing%20and%20transportation%20costs%20tend%20to%20be%20more%20highly%20minority%2C%20and%20units%20developed%20through%20the%20LIHTC%20program%20are%20often%20sited%20in%20these%20neighborhoods.%20We%20conclude%20by%20suggesting%20ways%20that%20location%20affordability%20can%20be%20incorporated%20in%20the%20siting%20of%20subsidized%20housing%20so%20that%20it%20does%20not%20have%20a%20disparate%20impact%2C%20and%20highlight%20that%20siting%20decisions%20should%20also%20account%20for%20the%20positive%20impact%20that%20LIHTC%20properties%20can%20have%20on%20lowincome%20neighborhoods.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-09-16T00%3A42%3A54Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20siting%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22low-income%20neighborhoods%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighborhood%20effects%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighbourhood%20effects%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223GI4STP6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Vale%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-12-27%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVale%2C%20L.%20J.%20%282018%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BRenewing%20North%20Beach%20Place%2C%20Ch.%2011%20in%20After%20the%20Projects%3A%20public%20housing%20redevelopment%20and%20the%20governance%20of%20the%20poorest%20Americans%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Oxford%20University%20Press.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Renewing%20North%20Beach%20Place%2C%20Ch.%2011%20in%20After%20the%20Projects%3A%20public%20housing%20redevelopment%20and%20the%20governance%20of%20the%20poorest%20Americans%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lawrence%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vale%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Chapter%2011%20charts%20North%20Beach%20Place%5Cu2019s%20decade-long%20struggle%20from%20initial%20HOPE%20VI%20proposal%20%281995%29%20to%20completed%20development%20%282005%29.%20Unlike%20Tucson%2C%20where%20the%20public%20sector%20held%20sway%2C%20San%20Francisco%20had%20a%20weak%20housing%20authority%3B%20unlike%20Boston%2C%20no%20single%20tenant%20emerged%20as%20a%20Plebs%20pole%20star%3B%20and%20unlike%20New%20Orleans%2C%20San%20Franciscans%20refused%20to%20leave%20the%20fate%20of%20public%20housing%20to%20the%20unchecked%20preferences%20of%20for-profit%20developers.%20Instead%2C%20buoyed%20by%20support%20from%20the%20Telegraph%20Hill%20Neighborhood%20Center%20and%20the%20Chinatown%20Community%20Development%20Center%2C%20proponents%20of%20the%20North%20Beach%20Place%20redevelopment%20insisted%20on%20retaining%20all%20229%20deeply%20subsidized%20apartments%2C%20while%20densifying%20the%20site%20to%20include%20an%20additional%20112%20units%20of%20affordable%20housing%2C%20financed%20with%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credits.%20With%20strong%20mayoral%20support%2C%20leadership%20from%20a%20not-for-profit%20developer%2C%20and%20empowered%20tenants%2C%20this%20version%20of%20HOPE%20VI%20preserved%20and%20enhanced%20the%20last%20remnants%20of%20affordable%20housing%20in%20an%20otherwise%20gentrifying%20neighborhood.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018-12-27%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-19-062433-0%20978-0-19-062436-1%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%2C%22BHEDTZWQ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-25T13%3A29%3A39Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Chinatown%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Fisherman%27s%20Wharf%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22HOPE%20VI%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22North%20Beach%20Place%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22San%20Francisco%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22TEL%20HI%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22community%20development%20corporation%20%28CDC%29%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20housing%20-%20US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20housing%20redevelopment%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22redevelopment%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22redevelopment%20without%20market-rate%20units%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225MSIRKVI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Freemark%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-11-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BFreemark%2C%20Y.%20%282018%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1506813%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BChallenges%20in%20the%20Creation%20of%20Mixed-Use%20Affordable%20Housing%3A%20Measuring%20and%20Explaining%20Its%20Limited%20Prevalence%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%20Policy%20Debate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B28%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286%29%2C%201004%5Cu20131021.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1506813%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Challenges%20in%20the%20Creation%20of%20Mixed-Use%20Affordable%20Housing%3A%20Measuring%20and%20Explaining%20Its%20Limited%20Prevalence%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yonah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Freemark%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Mixed-use%20a%5Cufb00ordable%20housing%20buildings%20collocate%20residences%20and%20commercial%20uses.%20The%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20program%20provides%20one%20mechanism%20to%20fund%20such%20structures.%20But%20the%20literature%20o%5Cufb00ers%20little%20insight%20into%20the%20frequency%20of%20mixed-use%20LIHTC%20buildings%2C%20partly%20because%20of%20a%20lack%20of%20data%20identifying%20them%2C%20and%20it%20does%20not%20pinpoint%20conditions%20that%20facilitate%20their%20development.%20I%20explore%20these%20issues%20through%20a%20Chicago%2C%20Illinois%2C%20case%20study.%20First%2C%20I%20analyze%20imagery%20to%20create%20the%20%5Cufb01rst%20database%20of%20mixed-use%20LIHTC%20buildings.%20I%20show%20that%20only%205%25%20of%20LIHTC%20structures%20incorporate%20commercial%20uses%2C%20and%20that%20these%20are%20concentrated%20in%20wealthier%2C%20whiter%2C%20and%20already%20retail-heavy%20neighborhoods.%20Second%2C%20I%20use%20stakeholder%20interviews%20to%20explain%20the%20low%20rate%20and%20selective%20location%20of%20mixed-use%20projects%3B%20I%20%5Cufb01nd%20that%20the%20sti%5Cufb00est%20barriers%20are%20con%5Cufb02icting%20governmental%20policies%2C%20di%5Cufb03culties%20securing%20%5Cufb01nancing%20in%20the%20context%20of%20a%20perception%20of%20weak%20retail%20demand%20and%20investor%20desires%20for%20reliable%20returns%2C%20and%20design%20constraints.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018-11-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1506813%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-1482%2C%202152-050X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1506813%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-26T18%3A46%3A55Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Chicago%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22mixed%20use%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22retail%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SCPEJG48%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ellen%20and%20Horn%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-04-23%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BEllen%2C%20I.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Horn%2C%20K.%20M.%20%282018%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1443487%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BPoints%20for%20Place%3A%20Can%20State%20Governments%20Shape%20Siting%20Patterns%20of%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20Developments%3F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%20Policy%20Debate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%201%5Cu201319.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1443487%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Points%20for%20Place%3A%20Can%20State%20Governments%20Shape%20Siting%20Patterns%20of%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20Developments%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ingrid%20Gould%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ellen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Keren%20Mertens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Horn%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22There%20is%20considerable%20controversy%20about%20the%20allocation%20of%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credits%20%28LIHTC%29.%20Some%20charge%20that%20credits%20are%20disproportionately%20allocated%20to%20developments%20in%20poor%2C%20minority%20neighborhoods%20without%20additional%20investments%20and%20thereby%20reinforcing%20patterns%20of%20poverty%20concentration%20and%20racial%20segregation.%20We%20examine%20whether%20Qualified%20Allocation%20Plans%2C%20which%20outline%20the%20selection%20criteria%20states%20use%20when%20awarding%20credits%2C%20can%20serve%20as%20an%20effective%20tool%20for%20directing%20credits%20to%20higher%20opportunity%20neighborhoods%20%28or%20neighborhoods%20that%20offer%20a%20rich%20set%20of%20resources%2C%20such%20as%20high-performing%20schools%20and%20access%20to%20jobs%29%20for%20states%20wishing%20to%20do%20so.%20To%20answer%20this%20question%2C%20we%20study%20changes%20in%20the%20location%20criteria%20outlined%20in%20allocation%20plans%20for%2020%20different%20states%20across%20the%20country%20between%202002%20and%202010%2C%20and%20observe%20the%20degree%20to%20which%20those%20modifications%20are%20associated%20with%20changes%20in%20the%20poverty%20rates%20and%20racial%20composition%20of%20the%20neighborhoods%20where%20developments%20awarded%20tax%20credits%20are%20located.%20We%20find%20evidence%20that%20changes%20to%20allocation%20plans%20that%20prioritize%20higher%20opportunity%20neighborhoods%20are%20associated%20with%20increases%20in%20the%20share%20of%20credits%20allocated%20to%20housing%20units%20in%20lower%20poverty%20neighborhoods%20and%20reductions%20in%20the%20share%20allocated%20to%20those%20in%20predominantly%20minority%20neighborhoods.%20This%20analysis%20provides%20the%20first%20source%20of%20empirical%20evidence%20that%20state%20allocation%20plans%20can%20shape%20LIHTC%20siting%20patterns.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018-04-23%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1443487%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-1482%2C%202152-050X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2018.1443487%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-03-22T01%3A21%3A07Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20siting%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22location%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22low-income%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22state%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22tax%20credit%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2299IEA4MY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Adkins%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-05-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAdkins%2C%20A.%2C%20Sanderford%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Pivo%2C%20G.%20%282017%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2016.1245208%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BHow%20Location%20Efficient%20Is%20LIHTC%3F%20Measuring%20and%20Explaining%20State-Level%20Achievement%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%20Policy%20Debate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B27%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20335%5Cu2013355.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2016.1245208%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22How%20Location%20Efficient%20Is%20LIHTC%3F%20Measuring%20and%20Explaining%20State-Level%20Achievement%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Arlie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sanderford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pivo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20growing%20recognition%20that%20the%20cost%20of%20transportation%20should%20be%20included%20in%20calculations%20of%20housing%20affordability%20has%20led%20to%20efforts%20to%20promote%20location%20efficiency%20%28LE%29%20in%20affordable%20housing%20policy.%20Because%20the%20program%20is%20responsible%20for%20most%20new%20affordable%20housing%20in%20the%20United%20States%2C%20the%20Low%20Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20program%20has%20the%20potential%20to%20be%20a%20link%20between%20housing%20affordability%20and%20LE.%20This%20research%20analyzes%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20LIHTC%20units%20built%20between%202007%20and%202011%20were%20in%20location-efficient%20places.%20Ordinary%20least%20squares%20regression%20analysis%20was%20used%20to%20test%20the%20role%20of%20market%2C%20policy%2C%20developer%2C%20and%20urban%20form%20factors%20in%20determining%20statelevel%20LIHTC%20LE.%20We%20find%20that%20for%20the%20nation%20as%20a%20whole%2C%20from%20a%20quarter%20to%20half%20of%20LIHTC%20units%20added%20during%20this%20period%20were%20in%20location-efficient%20places%2C%20depending%20on%20the%20LE%20criteria%20applied.%20State-by-state%20comparisons%20showed%20wide%20variation%20in%20both%20our%20absolute%20measures%20of%20LIHTC%20LE%20and%20our%20relative%20measures%20of%20LIHTC%20LE%20compared%20with%20overall%20housing%20in%20each%20state.%20State%20policy%20and%20nonprofit%20developers%20were%20associated%20with%20higher%20LIHTC%20LE%20and%20had%20a%20positive%20effect%20on%20a%20state%5Cu2019s%20ability%20to%20outperform%20its%20underlying%20urban%20form.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017-05-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10511482.2016.1245208%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-1482%2C%202152-050X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2016.1245208%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%2C%22DSBBDI8M%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-09-14T13%3A22%3A21Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22housing%20affordability%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22location%20affordability%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22location%20efficiency%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22low-income%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22urban%20form%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ATYZJKA4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Brennan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBrennan%2C%20M.%2C%20Blumenthal%2C%20P.%2C%20Goodman%2C%20L.%2C%20Seidman%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Meixell%2C%20B.%20%282017%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.urban.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2F93601%5C%2Fhousing-as-an-asset-class_1.pdf%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BHousing%20as%20an%20Asset%20Class%3A%20Opportunities%20for%20Systems%20Change%20to%20Enhance%20Social%20Equity%20and%20Inclusion%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Urban%20Institute.%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Housing%20as%20an%20Asset%20Class%3A%20Opportunities%20for%20Systems%20Change%20to%20Enhance%20Social%20Equity%20and%20Inclusion%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brennan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pam%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blumenthal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laurie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ellen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seidman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brady%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meixell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20goal%20of%20this%20report%20is%20to%20identify%20promising%20reforms%20and%20opportunities%20to%20deploy%20more%20investment%20capital%20to%20create%20and%20preserve%20secure%2C%20inclusive%2C%20and%20sustainable%20housing%20and%20communities.%20The%20public%20and%20philanthropic%20sectors%20can%20play%20an%20important%20role%20in%20reshaping%20the%20current%20system%20to%20generate%20more%20private%20investment%20in%20activities%20that%20fill%20the%20housing%20shortage%20and%20create%20inclusive%20and%20equitable%20neighborhoods.%20In%20fact%2C%20through%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%2C%20the%20Community%20Reinvestment%20Act%20%28CRA%29%2C%20and%20the%20work%20of%20the%20Community%20Development%20Financial%20Institutions%20%28CDFI%29%20Fund%2C%20the%20public%20sector%20has%20already%20proven%20itself%20capable%20of%20drawing%20private%20capital%20to%20affordable%20housing.%20Similarly%2C%20philanthropy%20has%20shown%20the%20power%20of%20guarantees%20and%20program-related%20investments%20to%20chart%20a%20new%20course%20for%20private%20capital%20in%20affordable%20housing.%5Cn%5CnWe%20begin%20this%20report%20with%20a%20brief%20overview%20of%20the%20roles%20of%20private%20investment%20capital%20in%20the%20housing%20system.%20Then%2C%20we%20describe%20major%20challenges%20with%20the%20current%20housing%20supply%2C%20including%20the%20supply%20shortage%2C%20unit%20loss%2C%20housing%20cost%20burdens%2C%20and%20segregation%2C%20and%20clarify%20why%20these%20issues%20matter%20from%20an%20investor%5Cu2019s%20perspective.%20After%20identifying%20the%20challenges%20with%20the%20current%20system%20and%20how%20those%20challenges%20affect%20private%20capital%20allocations%2C%20we%20explore%20strategies%20to%20reform%20the%20system%20and%20attract%20more%20private%20and%20philanthropic%20capital%20to%20housing%20activities%20that%20would%20create%20equitable%20and%20inclusive%20communities.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Urban%20Institute%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.urban.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2F93601%5C%2Fhousing-as-an-asset-class_1.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-11-06T17%3A20%3A42Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Community%20Reinvestment%20Act%20%28CRA%29%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20finance%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20finance-funding%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20funding%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HLGRXTND%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lipschultz%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLipschultz%2C%20M.%20%282017%29.%20MERGING%20THE%20PUBLIC%20AND%20PRIVATE%3A%20THE%20LIHTC%20PROGRAM%20AND%20A%20FORMULA%20FOR%20MORE%20AFFORDABLE%20HOUSING.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BREVIEW%20OF%20BANKING%20%26amp%3B%20FINANCIAL%20LAW%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B36%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22MERGING%20THE%20PUBLIC%20AND%20PRIVATE%3A%20THE%20LIHTC%20PROGRAM%20AND%20A%20FORMULA%20FOR%20MORE%20AFFORDABLE%20HOUSING%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lipschultz%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Politicians%20have%20attempted%20to%20solve%20the%20affordable%20housing%20crisis%20plaguing%20the%20United%20States%20for%20decades.%20The%20policies%20enacted%20to%20solve%20the%20affordable%20housing%20shortage%20in%20the%20United%20States%20have%20changed%20over%20time%2C%20ranging%20from%20the%20government%20entering%20the%20business%20of%20building%20affordable%20housing%20to%20the%20government%20providing%20subsidies%20to%20low-income%20individuals.%20In%201986%2C%20as%20part%20of%20Reagan%20Revolution%2C%20Congress%20passed%20the%20Low%20Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20Program%20%28LIHTC%20Program%20or%20Program%29%2C%20to%20provide%20tax%20credits%20to%20developers%20in%20order%20to%20incentivize%20them%20to%20develop%20affordable%20housing.%20In%20this%20note%2C%20the%20author%20discusses%20policies%20enacted%20by%20Congress%2C%20and%20in%20particular%2C%20evaluates%20the%20success%20of%20the%20LIHTC%20Program%20in%20achieving%20its%20stated%20purpose%20of%20meeting%20the%20American%20people%5Cu2019s%20demand%20for%20affordable%20housing.%20Although%20the%20Program%20has%20been%20widely%20successful%20in%20creating%20affordable%20housing%2C%20it%20has%20not%20yet%20solved%20the%20affordable%20housing%20crisis.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-11-04T16%3A36%3A55Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22REIT%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Real%20Estate%20Investment%20Trust%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GVDNP2YL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lens%20and%20Reina%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-09-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLens%2C%20M.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Reina%2C%20V.%20%282016%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2016.1195422%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BPreserving%20Neighborhood%20Opportunity%3A%20Where%20Federal%20Housing%20Subsidies%20Expire%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%20Policy%20Debate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B26%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%5Cu20135%29%2C%20714%5Cu2013732.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2016.1195422%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Preserving%20Neighborhood%20Opportunity%3A%20Where%20Federal%20Housing%20Subsidies%20Expire%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reina%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Rent%20burdens%20are%20increasing%20in%20U.S.%20metropolitan%20areas%20while%20subsidies%20on%20privately%20owned%2C%20publicly%20subsidized%20rental%20units%20are%20expiring.%20As%20a%20result%2C%20some%20of%20the%20few%20remaining%20affordable%20units%20in%20opportunity%20neighborhoods%20are%20at%20risk%20of%20being%20converted%20to%20market%20rate.%20Policy%20makers%20face%20a%20decision%20about%20whether%20to%20devote%20their%20efforts%20and%20scarce%20resources%20toward%20developing%20new%20affordable%20housing%2C%20recapitalizing%20existing%20subsidized%20housing%2C%20and%5C%2For%20preserving%20properties%20with%20expiring%20subsidies.%20There%20are%20several%20reasons%20to%20preserve%20these%20subsidies%2C%20one%20being%20that%20properties%20may%20be%20located%20in%20neighborhoods%20with%20greater%20opportunity.%20In%20this%20article%2C%20we%20use%20several%20sources%20of%20data%20at%20the%20census%20tract%20level%20to%20learn%20how%20subsidy%20expirations%20affect%20neighborhood%20opportunity%20for%20low-income%20households.%20Our%20analysis%20presents%20several%20key%20findings.%20First%2C%20we%20find%20that%20units%20that%20left%20the%20project-based%20Section%208%20program%20were%20%5Cu2013%20on%20average%20%5Cu2013%20in%20lower%20opportunity%20neighborhoods%2C%20but%20these%20neighborhoods%20were%20improving.%20In%20addition%2C%20properties%20due%20to%20expiry%20from%20the%20Section%208%20program%20between%202011%20and%202020%20are%20in%20higher%20opportunity%20neighborhoods%20than%20any%20other%20subsidy%20program.%20On%20the%20contrary%2C%20new%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20units%20were%20developed%20in%20tracts%20similar%20to%20those%20where%20LIHTC%20units%20are%20currently%20active%2C%20which%20tend%20to%20be%20lower%20opportunity%20neighborhoods.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016-09-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10511482.2016.1195422%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-1482%2C%202152-050X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2016.1195422%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-18T18%3A41%3A59Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Section%208%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordability%20agreements%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordability%20agreements%20expiry%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordability%5C%2Foperating%20agreement%20expiry%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighborhood%20effects%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighborhood%20opportunity%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighbourhood%20effects%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22subsidized%20housing%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DUBXABRW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Woo%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWoo%2C%20A.%2C%20Joh%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Van%20Zandt%2C%20S.%20%282016%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0042098015593448%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BUnpacking%20the%20impacts%20of%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20program%20on%20nearby%20property%20values%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BUrban%20Studies%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B53%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2812%29%2C%202488%5Cu20132510.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0042098015593448%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Unpacking%20the%20impacts%20of%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20program%20on%20nearby%20property%20values%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ayoung%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenneth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shannon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Zandt%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Most%20existing%20research%20on%20the%20impacts%20of%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20on%20neighbouring%20property%20values%20is%20limited%20in%20terms%20of%20providing%20causal%20attribution%20and%20uncovering%20nuances%20in%20the%20role%20of%20housing%20market%20and%20neighbourhood%20composition.%20This%20article%20addresses%20these%20shortcomings%20by%20investigating%20the%20impacts%20of%20the%20LIHTC%20program%20in%20Charlotte%2C%20North%20Carolina%20and%20Cleveland%2C%20Ohio.%20Levels%20and%20trends%20in%20housing%20prices%20before%20and%20after%20LIHTC%20developments%20in%20neighbourhoods%20are%20examined%20based%20on%20parcel-level%20housing%20sales%20data%20from%201996%20to%202007.%20The%20Adjusted%20Interrupted%20Time%20Series-Difference%20in%20Differences%20%28AITS-DID%29%20model%20is%20used%20to%20clarify%20the%20causal%20direction%20of%20impacts%20of%20LIHTC%20developments.%20The%20results%20show%20that%20LIHTC%20developments%20have%20negative%20impacts%20in%20Charlotte%2C%20while%20having%20upgrading%20effects%20in%20Cleveland.%20Also%2C%20these%20impacts%20vary%20across%20neighbourhoods%5Cu2019%20income%20heterogeneity.%20Thus%2C%20care%20should%20be%20taken%20when%20siting%20LIHTC%20developments%20to%20minimise%20negative%20impacts%20and%20enhance%20its%20use%20for%20community%20revitalisation%20across%20different%20housing%20market%20conditions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F0042098015593448%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220042-0980%2C%201360-063X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0042098015593448%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T22%3A28%3A00Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22housing%20prices%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22low-income%20housing%20tax%20credit%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighbourhood%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighbourhood%20heterogeneity%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22planning%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22spillover%20effects%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22subsidised%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22subsidized%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22subsidized%20housing%20effect%20on%20neighbourhood%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NMANVJLR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Woo%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWoo%2C%20A.%2C%20Joh%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Van%20Zandt%2C%20S.%20%282016%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F1078087414561824%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BImpacts%20of%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20Program%20on%20Neighborhood%20Housing%20Turnover%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BUrban%20Affairs%20Review%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B52%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20247%5Cu2013279.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F1078087414561824%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Impacts%20of%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20Program%20on%20Neighborhood%20Housing%20Turnover%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ayoung%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenneth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shannon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Zandt%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Although%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20program%20has%20grown%20into%20the%20largest%20subsidized%20housing%20program%20in%20the%20United%20States%2C%20we%20have%20limited%20understanding%20of%20how%20these%20units%20affect%20the%20neighborhoods%20in%20which%20they%20are%20located.%20This%20article%20examines%20impacts%20of%20the%20LIHTC%20program%20on%20neighborhood%20stability%20in%20the%20cities%20of%20Charlotte%20and%20Cleveland.%20We%20examine%20housing%20turnover%20before%20and%20after%20the%20introduction%20of%20LIHTC%20developments%20into%20the%20neighborhood%2C%20based%20on%20housing%20sales%20data%20from%201996%20to%202007.%20Location%20data%20on%20LIHTC%20units%20are%20merged%20with%20parcel-level%20sales%20data%20from%20Mecklenburg%20and%20Cuyahoga%20Counties.%20We%20estimate%20an%20extended%20Cox%20hazard%20model%20with%20the%20difference-in-difference%20specification%20to%20determine%20whether%20LIHTC%20units%20are%20causing%20increased%20turnover%20of%20neighborhood%20housing.%20We%20also%20explore%20impacts%20on%20neighborhood%20stability%20from%20LIHTC%20developments%20citywide%20and%20in%20neighborhoods%20stratified%20by%20income.%20We%20find%20significant%20impacts%20on%20the%20stability%20of%20LIHTC%20developments%20in%20both%20cities.%20Particularly%2C%20in%20higher-income%20submarkets%2C%20strong%20spillover%20effects%20were%20observed%20in%20Charlotte.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20the%20stability%20of%20neighborhoods%20may%20be%20an%20important%20factor%20when%20considering%20the%20siting%20of%20LIHTC%20developments.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2203%5C%2F2016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F1078087414561824%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221078-0874%2C%201552-8332%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F1078087414561824%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T22%3A19%3A01Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Cox%20hazard%20model%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22housing%20turnover%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22low-income%20housing%20tax%20credit%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighborhood%20stability%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22subsidized%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22subsidized%20housing%20effect%20on%20neighbourhood%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AL5PRU82%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wilkins%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-10-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWilkins%2C%20C.%2C%20Brennan%2C%20M.%2C%20Deora%2C%20A.%2C%20Heegaard%2C%20A.%2C%20Lee%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lubell%2C%20J.%20%282015%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2014.1003141%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BComparing%20the%20Life-Cycle%20Costs%20of%20New%20Construction%20and%20Acquisition-Rehab%20of%20Affordable%20Multifamily%20Rental%20Housing%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%20Policy%20Debate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B25%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%20684%5Cu2013714.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2014.1003141%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Comparing%20the%20Life-Cycle%20Costs%20of%20New%20Construction%20and%20Acquisition-Rehab%20of%20Affordable%20Multifamily%20Rental%20Housing%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brennan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anker%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heegaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Albert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lubell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-10-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10511482.2014.1003141%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-1482%2C%202152-050X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2014.1003141%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-11-03T17%3A03%3A36Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20preservation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20multifamily%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22multi-family%20rental%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22multifamily%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22multifamily%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22preservation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22rental%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BQZZWEDS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Khadduri%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-07-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKhadduri%2C%20J.%20%282015%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2015.1035010%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BThe%20Affordable%20Housing%20Industry%20Needs%20to%20Develop%20Capacity%20to%20Work%20in%20High%20Opportunity%20Neighborhoods%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%20Policy%20Debate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B25%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20639%5Cu2013643.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2015.1035010%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Affordable%20Housing%20Industry%20Needs%20to%20Develop%20Capacity%20to%20Work%20in%20High%20Opportunity%20Neighborhoods%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jill%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khadduri%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20very%20interesting%20article%20by%20Myron%20Orfield%20and%20his%20colleagues%2C%20%5Cu201cHigh%20costs%20and%5Cnsegregation%20in%20subsidized%20housing%20policy%2C%5Cu201d%20begins%20by%20establishing%20that%20relatively%20few%5Cnpublically%20subsidized%20affordable%20housing%20units%20have%20been%20located%20in%20suburban%20portions%20of%5Cnthe%20Minneapolis%5Cu2013St.%20Paul%2C%20Minnesota%2C%20metropolitan%20area%20and%20in%20areas%20that%20have%20low%20rates%20of%5Cnpoor%20people%20and%20minorities.%20A%20disproportionate%20number%20of%20subsidized%20rental%20units%20have%5Cnbeen%20located%20in%20the%20central%20cities%20and%20in%20areas%20with%20concentrations%20of%20minorities.%20Orfield%5Cnet%20al.%20conclude%20that%20allocators%20of%20public%20funds%20for%20affordable%20housing%20in%20Minnesota%20have%5Cnfailed%20in%20their%20obligation%20to%20affirmatively%20further%20fair%20housing.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-07-03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10511482.2015.1035010%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-1482%2C%202152-050X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2015.1035010%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-03-21T20%3A53%3A15Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22high%20opportunity%20neighborhoods%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228YHRIEWS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Woo%20and%20Joh%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWoo%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Joh%2C%20K.%20%282015%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS014362281500212X%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BBeyond%20anecdotal%20evidence%3A%20Do%20subsidized%20housing%20developments%20increase%20neighborhood%20crime%3F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BApplied%20Geography%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B64%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%2087%5Cu201396.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.apgeog.2015.09.004%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Beyond%20anecdotal%20evidence%3A%20Do%20subsidized%20housing%20developments%20increase%20neighborhood%20crime%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ayoung%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenneth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joh%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22While%20planners%20and%20policymakers%20have%20advocated%20the%20need%20for%20project-based%20subsidized%20housing%2C%20they%20often%20face%20the%20challenge%20of%20strong%20community%20opposition%20due%20to%20the%20negative%20perceptions%20of%20subsidized%20housing%20and%20subsidized%20households%2C%20and%20the%20fear%20that%20these%20developments%20and%20residents%20would%20bring%20increased%20crime.%20This%20paper%20aims%20to%20extend%20beyond%20anecdotal%20evidence%20by%20examining%20the%20impact%20of%20a%20popular%20U.S.%20affordable%20housing%20program%2C%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20program%2C%20on%20neighborhood%20crime%20rates.%20We%20estimate%20the%20levels%20and%20trends%20in%20neighborhood%20crime%20before%20and%20after%20LIHTC%20developments%2C%20based%20on%20crime%20incidents%20data%20from%202000%20to%202009%20in%20Austin%2C%20Texas%2C%20using%20the%20Adjusted%20Interrupted%20Time%20SerieseDifference%20in%20Differences%20%28AITSeDID%29%20approach%20to%20clarify%20the%20causal%20direction%20of%20impacts%20of%20LIHTC%20developments.%20Results%20show%20that%20LIHTC%20subsidized%20housing%20tended%20to%20be%20developed%20in%20neighborhoods%20where%20crime%20was%20already%20prevalent%2C%20and%20contrary%20to%20popular%20perception%2C%20LIHTC%20developments%20have%20a%20mitigating%20impact%20on%20neighborhood%20crime.%20These%20results%20suggest%20that%20LIHTC%20developments%20may%20be%20an%20effective%20tool%20for%20revitalizing%20distressed%20neighborhoods%20by%20ameliorating%20the%20%5Cu201cbroken%20windows%5Cu201d%20problem%20and%20reducing%20neighborhood%20crime.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2210%5C%2F2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.apgeog.2015.09.004%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2201436228%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS014362281500212X%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T21%3A57%3A27Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Austin%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Texas%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22causal%20direction%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22low-income%20housing%20tax%20credit%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighborhood%20crime%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22subsidized%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22subsidized%20housing%20effect%20on%20neighbourhood%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KFDM7YPD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nedwick%20and%20Burnett%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BNedwick%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Burnett%2C%20K.%20%282015%29.%20How%20Can%20the%20LIHTC%20Program%20Most%20Effectively%20Be%20Used%20To%20Provide%20Affordable%20Rental%20Housing%20Near%20Transit%3F%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCityscape%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B17%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22How%20Can%20the%20LIHTC%20Program%20Most%20Effectively%20Be%20Used%20To%20Provide%20Affordable%20Rental%20Housing%20Near%20Transit%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Todd%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nedwick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kimberly%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burnett%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22For%20millions%20of%20Americans%2C%20public%20transportation%20is%20more%20than%20a%20mere%20convenience%3B%20it%20is%20a%20necessity%20for%20accessing%20jobs%2C%20educational%20opportunities%2C%20healthcare%20services%2C%20and%20other%20everyday%20needs%2C%20while%20living%20within%20their%20financial%20means.%20It%20can%20be%20significantly%20difficult%2C%20however%2C%20to%20finance%20the%20construction%20or%20preservation%20of%20affordable%20housing%20in%20location-efficient%20areas%3A%20high%20demand%20to%20live%20in%20transit-accessible%20areas%20drives%20up%20land%20costs%2C%20making%20it%20a%20challenge%20to%20acquire%20desirable%20sites%20for%20affordable%20housing%20and%20putting%20existing%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20at%20risk%20%28Armstrong%2C%201994%3B%20Cervero%20and%20Duncan%2C%202002a%2C%202002b%3B%20Debrezion%2C%20Pels%2C%20and%20Rietveld%2C%202007%3B%20Gruen%2C%20Gruen%20%26amp%3B%20Associates%2C%201997%3B%20Immergluck%2C%202007%3B%20Lin%2C%202002%29.%20As%20the%20largest%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20production%20and%20preservation%20program%20in%20the%20nation%2C%20the%20Low-Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20Program%20provides%20an%20opportunity%20to%20ensure%20that%20housing%20affordable%20to%20low-%20and%20moderateincome%20families%20is%20developed%20and%20preserved%20near%20public%20transportation.%20Yet%2C%20nearly%2030%20years%20after%20its%20enactment%2C%20the%20LIHTC%20Program%20remains%20one%20of%20the%20least%20studied%20federal%20programs.%20This%20article%20addresses%20a%20fundamental%20question%3A%20How%20can%20the%20LIHTC%20Program%20most%20effectively%20be%20used%20to%20promote%20the%20preservation%20and%20development%20of%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20near%20transit%3F%20To%20answer%20this%20question%2C%20this%20study%20relies%20on%20qualitative%20analysis%20of%20interviews%20of%20more%20than%20100%20housing%20policy%20agency%20staff%2C%20developers%2C%20and%20housing%20and%20transit%20policy%20experts%20and%20on%20a%20quantitative%20analysis%20of%20more%20than%20400%20qualified%20allocation%20plans%20issued%20during%20an%208-year%20period.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-11T14%3A47%3A53Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22transit%20access%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JHU9BAAY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bratt%20and%20Vladeck%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-07-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBratt%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Vladeck%2C%20A.%20%282014%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2014.886279%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BAddressing%20Restrictive%20Zoning%20for%20Affordable%20Housing%3A%20Experiences%20in%20Four%20States%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%20Policy%20Debate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B24%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20594%5Cu2013636.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2014.886279%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Addressing%20Restrictive%20Zoning%20for%20Affordable%20Housing%3A%20Experiences%20in%20Four%20States%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rachel%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bratt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abigail%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vladeck%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Affordable%20housing%20development%20in%20suburban%20locales%20is%20often%20constrained%20by%20zoning%20and%5Cnother%20municipal%20land-use%20restrictions.%20This%20article%20explores%20experiences%20in%20four%20states%20that%5Cnhave%20been%20recognized%20for%20exemplary%20interventions%20that%20address%20%5Cu201cexclusionary%20zoning.%5Cu201d%5CnUsing%20quantitative%20and%20qualitative%20methods%2C%20the%20article%20examines%20overall%20production%20levels%5Cnresulting%20from%20the%20specific%20program%2C%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20such%20production%20is%20occurring%20in%5Cnlocales%20with%20more%20White%20residents%20and%20more%20higher-income%20residents%2C%20and%20the%20levels%20of%5Cncompliance%20with%20state-specified%20goals%2C%20where%20such%20goals%20exist.%20When%20possible%2C%20cross-state%5Cncomparisons%20are%20provided.%20Although%20there%20are%20clear%20signs%20of%20progress%2C%20with%20municipalities%5Cnincreasing%20their%20affordable%20housing%20stocks%20and%20with%20some%20of%20this%20production%20occurring%20in%5Cnlocales%20that%20probablywould%20not%20have%20developed%20such%20housingwithout%20such%20state%20%28or%20county%29%5Cnintervention%2C%20the%20pace%20has%20been%20slow.%20A%20number%20of%20recommendations%20are%20offered%20for%20these%5Cnand%20other%20states%20contemplating%20strategies%20to%20address%20exclusionary%20land-use%20practices.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014-07-03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10511482.2014.886279%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-1482%2C%202152-050X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2014.886279%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222GN2NADP%22%2C%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-03-12T15%3A24%3A20Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22exclusionary%20zoning%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22inclusionary%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22inclusionary%20zoning%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22state%20land-use%20overrides%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223Q66VXG6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Williams%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWilliams%2C%20R.%20%282014%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fscholarworks.uark.edu%5C%2Fcgi%5C%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3672%26amp%3Bcontext%3Detd%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BExamining%20the%20Role%20of%20Street-level%20Bureaucrats%20in%20the%20Implementation%20of%20an%20Affordable%20Rental%20Housing%20Policy%20for%20Extremely%20Low%20Income%20Households%20in%20the%20District%20of%20Columbia%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%5BUniversity%20of%20Arkansas%5D.%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Examining%20the%20Role%20of%20Street-level%20Bureaucrats%20in%20the%20Implementation%20of%20an%20Affordable%20Rental%20Housing%20Policy%20for%20Extremely%20Low%20Income%20Households%20in%20the%20District%20of%20Columbia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rod%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williams%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20individuals%20who%20staff%20the%20nation%5Cu2019s%204%2C600%20Community%20Development%20Corporations%20%28CDCs%29%20represent%20the%20front%20line%20in%20production%20of%20affordable%20housing%20for%20America%5Cu2019s%20poor.%20CDC%20staff%20members%20work%20within%20chronic%20funding%20uncertainties%2C%20applying%20complex%20and%20often%20ambiguous%20policies%2C%20under%20pressure%20to%20address%20shortfalls%20in%20affordable%20units.%20As%20such%2C%20they%5Cnrepresent%20a%20prime%20example%20of%20Lipsky%5Cu2019s%20%281980%29%20street%20level%20bureaucrats%20%28SLBs%29%3A%20agency%20workers%20with%20no%20formal%20policy%20role%2C%20who%20nevertheless%20shape%20policy%20by%20exercising%20discretion%20in%20the%20course%20of%20implementing%20ambiguous%20directives%20under%20stressful%20and%20alienating%20conditions.%5Cn%5CnThe%20purpose%20of%20this%20study%20is%20to%20uncover%20how%20CDC%20SLBs%20experience%20their%20work%20and%20influence%20the%20implementation%20of%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20policies%20for%20Extremely%20Low%20Income%20%28ELI%29%20households%20in%20Washington%2C%20D.C.%20Semi-structured%20interviews%20and%20a%20follow-up%20survey%20were%20conducted%20with%20staff%20members%20of%20three%20Ward%208%20CDCs%2C%20and%20interpretive%20policy%20analysis%20was%20applied%20to%20their%20responses.%20Analysis%20indicates%20that%20CDC%20staff%20members%20generally%20view%20the%20LIHTC%2C%20HPTF%2C%20and%20HOME%20policies%20as%20beneficial%2C%20but%20confusing%2C%20and%20difficult%20to%20administer.%20They%20view%20government%20funders%20and%20private%20developers%20as%20either%20unwilling%20or%20unable%20to%20fund%20support%20services%20that%20ELI%20renters%20need.%20There%20was%20some%20evidence%20of%20desire%20for%20more%20advocacybased%20approaches%20that%20harkened%20back%20to%20the%20CDCs%5Cu2019%20original%20mission%20of%20community%20empowerment.%20On%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20support%20was%20lacking%20such%20goals%20as%20maintaining%20economic%20and%20racial%20diversity%20as%20neighborhoods%20gentrify.%20Although%20Lipsky%20%281980%29%20emphasized%20the%20alienation%20experienced%20by%20SLBs%2C%20these%20findings%20suggest%20that%2C%20in%20certain%20contexts%2C%20SLBs%20may%20experience%20a%20positive%20attachment%20to%20their%20organizations%2C%20clients%2C%20and%20mission%2C%20even%20while%20experiencing%5Cnfrustration%20with%20policy%20ambiguities%20or%20inefficiencies.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22University%20of%20Arkansas%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fscholarworks.uark.edu%5C%2Fcgi%5C%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3672%26context%3Detd%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22C3WCVASC%22%2C%22NHVSLBHU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-11T13%3A59%3A59Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22CDC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Extremely%20Low%20Income%20households%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Washington%2C%20D.C.%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22community%20development%20corporation%20%28CDC%29%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22dissertation%5C%2Fthesis%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NPBTXRX2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Scally%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BScally%2C%20C.%20P.%20%282013%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F1078087412469341%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BThe%20Nuances%20of%20NIMBY%3A%20Context%20and%20Perceptions%20of%20Affordable%20Rental%20Housing%20Development%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BUrban%20Affairs%20Review%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B49%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%285%29%2C%20718%5Cu2013747.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F1078087412469341%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Nuances%20of%20NIMBY%3A%20Context%20and%20Perceptions%20of%20Affordable%20Rental%20Housing%20Development%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Corianne%20Payton%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scally%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20research%20investigates%20the%20nuances%20of%20local%20not-in-my-backyard%20%28NIMBY%29%20attitudes%20and%20actions%2C%20asking%20why%20some%20communities%20support%20publicly%20assisted%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20development%2C%20while%20others%20do%20not.%20Six%20case%20studies%20within%20New%20York%20State%20explore%20local%20acceptance%20and%20avoidance%20of%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20development%20through%20the%20low-income%20housing%20tax%20credit%20program.%20Findings%20inform%20future%20marketing%2C%20planning%2C%20and%20programming%20to%20encourage%20local%20participation%20in%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20development.%20More%20research%20is%20needed%20on%20the%20contextualized%20nature%20of%20NIMBY%2C%20how%20NIMBY%20attitudes%20and%20actions%20can%20be%20effectively%20reduced%2C%20and%20whether%20this%20increases%20the%20supply%20of%20affordable%20rental%20housing.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F1078087412469341%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221078-0874%2C%201552-8332%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F1078087412469341%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%2C%22MWE55CTR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-04T14%3A52%3A32Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22NIMBY%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22NIMBYs%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22New%20York%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22low-income%20housing%20tax%20credit%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22rental%20housing%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AXEZJ9AA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Scally%20and%20Koenig%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BScally%2C%20C.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Koenig%2C%20R.%20%282012%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2012.680477%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BBeyond%20NIMBY%20and%20poverty%20deconcentration%3A%20reframing%20the%20outcomes%20of%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20development%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%20Policy%20Debate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B22%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20435%5Cu2013461.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2012.680477%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Beyond%20NIMBY%20and%20poverty%20deconcentration%3A%20reframing%20the%20outcomes%20of%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20development%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Corianne%20Payton%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scally%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koenig%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Policies%20and%20research%20around%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20remain%20stuck%20between%20the%20%5Cu2018%5Cu2018rock%5Cu2019%5Cu2019%20of%20not-in-my-backyard%20%28NIMBY%29%20fears%20and%20the%20%5Cu2018%5Cu2018hard%20place%5Cu2019%5Cu2019%20of%20deconcentrating%20poverty%20goals%2C%20leading%20to%20fragmented%20outcome%20measurement%20in%20contemporary%20project-based%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20programs.%20This%20article%20compares%20the%20motivations%20and%20results%20of%20existing%20research%20focused%20on%20NIMBY%5Cnconcerns%20around%20place%20to%20that%20of%20programs%20that%20promote%20the%20deconcentration%20of%20poor%20people.%20We%20suggest%20reframing%20the%20argument%20for%20project-based%20affordable%20rental%20housing%20by%20bolstering%20outcome%20measurement%20on%20neighborhoods%20and%20developments%20and%20expanding%20it%20to%20include%20tenants.%20Building%20upon%20current%20evaluation%20practices%20of%20mobility%20studies%20and%20the%20Low%20Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20program%2C%20we%20present%20a%20comprehensive%20framework%20for%20evaluating%20outcomes%20of%20project-based%20rental%20housing%20developments%20within%20their%20local%20context%20at%20three%20relevant%20scales%3A%20project%2C%20household%2C%20and%20community.%20We%20present%20an%20array%20of%20indicators%20and%20examine%20data%20collection%20needs%20and%20limitations%2C%20acknowledging%20the%20political%20and%20financial%20obstacles%20to%20comprehensive%20evaluation%20but%20arguing%20for%20the%20need%20to%20justify%20expenditures%20and%20prove%20results%20to%20the%20public.%20We%20recommend%20that%20government%20agencies%20stretch%20beyond%20NIMBY%20arguments%20and%20deconcentration%20of%20poverty%20goals%20to%20be%20proactive%20in%20targeting%2C%20measuring%2C%20publicizing%2C%20and%20redressing%20an%20expanded%20set%20of%20outcomes%20through%20better%20comprehensive%20planning%20for%20affordable%20housing.%20Through%20more%20rigorous%20and%20comprehensive%20evaluation%20of%20outcomes%20at%20all%20scales%2C%20it%20may%20be%20shown%20that%20affordable%20housing%20development%20yields%20a%20broad%20range%20of%20benefits%20for%20the%20people%20housed%2C%20projects%20financed%2C%20and%20the%20communities%20where%20it%20is%20built.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2206%5C%2F2012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10511482.2012.680477%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-1482%2C%202152-050X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10511482.2012.680477%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NHVSLBHU%22%2C%22MWE55CTR%22%2C%22NSWZ8CJB%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-25T13%3A38%3A57Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Europe%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22LIHTC%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22NIMBY%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22NIMBYs%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Poland%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20policies%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20policy%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%20policy%20-%20Europe%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22low-income%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22policy%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20housing%20-%20Europe%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22rental%20housing%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D
Luque, J. (2020). Assessing the role of TIF and LIHTC in an equilibrium model of affordable housing development. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.06.005
Reid, C. K. (2019). Rethinking "Opportunity" in the Siting of Affordable Housing in California: Resident Perspectives on the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit. Housing Policy Debate, 29(4), 645–669. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2019.1582549
McClure, K. (2019). What Should Be the Future of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program? Housing Policy Debate, 29(1), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2018.1469526
McClure, K. (2019). The allocation of rental assistance resources: the paradox of high housing costs and high vacancy rates. International Journal of Housing Policy, 19(1), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2017.1362756
Reina, V. J., Wegmann, J., & Guerra, E. (2019). Are Location Affordability and Fair Housing on a Collision Course? Race, Transportation Costs, and the Siting of Subsidized Housing. Cityscape, 21(1).
Vale, L. J. (2018). Renewing North Beach Place, Ch. 11 in After the Projects: public housing redevelopment and the governance of the poorest Americans. Oxford University Press.
Freemark, Y. (2018). Challenges in the Creation of Mixed-Use Affordable Housing: Measuring and Explaining Its Limited Prevalence. Housing Policy Debate, 28(6), 1004–1021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506813
Ellen, I. G., & Horn, K. M. (2018). Points for Place: Can State Governments Shape Siting Patterns of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Developments? Housing Policy Debate, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2018.1443487
Adkins, A., Sanderford, A., & Pivo, G. (2017). How Location Efficient Is LIHTC? Measuring and Explaining State-Level Achievement. Housing Policy Debate, 27(3), 335–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2016.1245208
Brennan, M., Blumenthal, P., Goodman, L., Seidman, E., & Meixell, B. (2017). Housing as an Asset Class: Opportunities for Systems Change to Enhance Social Equity and Inclusion. Urban Institute.
Lipschultz, M. (2017). MERGING THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE: THE LIHTC PROGRAM AND A FORMULA FOR MORE AFFORDABLE HOUSING. REVIEW OF BANKING & FINANCIAL LAW, 36.
Lens, M. C., & Reina, V. (2016). Preserving Neighborhood Opportunity: Where Federal Housing Subsidies Expire. Housing Policy Debate, 26(4–5), 714–732. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2016.1195422
Woo, A., Joh, K., & Van Zandt, S. (2016). Unpacking the impacts of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program on nearby property values. Urban Studies, 53(12), 2488–2510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015593448
Woo, A., Joh, K., & Van Zandt, S. (2016). Impacts of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program on Neighborhood Housing Turnover. Urban Affairs Review, 52(2), 247–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087414561824
Wilkins, C., Brennan, M., Deora, A., Heegaard, A., Lee, A., & Lubell, J. (2015). Comparing the Life-Cycle Costs of New Construction and Acquisition-Rehab of Affordable Multifamily Rental Housing. Housing Policy Debate, 25(4), 684–714. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2014.1003141
Khadduri, J. (2015). The Affordable Housing Industry Needs to Develop Capacity to Work in High Opportunity Neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate, 25(3), 639–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2015.1035010
Woo, A., & Joh, K. (2015). Beyond anecdotal evidence: Do subsidized housing developments increase neighborhood crime? Applied Geography, 64, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.09.004
Nedwick, T., & Burnett, K. (2015). How Can the LIHTC Program Most Effectively Be Used To Provide Affordable Rental Housing Near Transit? Cityscape, 17(2).
Bratt, R. G., & Vladeck, A. (2014). Addressing Restrictive Zoning for Affordable Housing: Experiences in Four States. Housing Policy Debate, 24(3), 594–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2014.886279
Williams, R. (2014). Examining the Role of Street-level Bureaucrats in the Implementation of an Affordable Rental Housing Policy for Extremely Low Income Households in the District of Columbia [University of Arkansas].
Scally, C. P. (2013). The Nuances of NIMBY: Context and Perceptions of Affordable Rental Housing Development. Urban Affairs Review, 49(5), 718–747. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087412469341
Scally, C. P., & Koenig, R. (2012). Beyond NIMBY and poverty deconcentration: reframing the outcomes of affordable rental housing development. Housing Policy Debate, 22(3), 435–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2012.680477