State-Led Gentrification

6342983 state-led gentrification 1 apa 50 date 1 1 title 960 https://www.thehousinghub.ca/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22LIAY7374%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Aalbers%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAalbers%2C%20M.%20B.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.wiley.com%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Ftesg.12332%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BIntroduction%20To%20The%20Forum%3A%20From%20Third%20To%20Fifth-Wave%20Gentrification%3A%20From%20Third%20To%20Fifth-Wave%20Gentrification%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BTijdschrift%20Voor%20Economische%20En%20Sociale%20Geografie%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B110%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%201%5Cu201311.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Ftesg.12332%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Introduction%20To%20The%20Forum%3A%20From%20Third%20To%20Fifth-Wave%20Gentrification%3A%20From%20Third%20To%20Fifth-Wave%20Gentrification%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Manuel%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aalbers%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Changing%20State%20of%20Gentrification%5Cu2019%20%282001%29%20by%20Jason%20Hackworth%20and%20the%20late%20Neil%20Smith%20is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20influential%20papers%20ever%20published%20in%20TESG.%20By%20introducing%20three%20waves%2C%20or%20periods%2C%20of%20practices%20and%20patterns%20of%20gentrification%2C%20it%20changed%20the%20way%20we%20think%20about%20gentrification.%20This%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Forum%20discusses%20the%20three%20waves%20introduced%20by%20Hackworth%20and%20Smith%20as%20well%20as%20fourth%20wave%20introduced%20by%20Lees%20et%20al.%20Finally%2C%20I%20will%20argue%20that%20during%20the%20global%20financial%20crisis%20we%20have%20entered%20fifth-wave%20gentrification.%20Fifth-wave%20gentrification%20is%20the%20urban%20materialisation%20of%20financialised%20or%20finance-led%20capitalism.%20The%20state%20continues%20to%20play%20a%20leading%20role%20during%20the%20fifth%20wave%2C%20but%20is%20now%20supplemented%20%5Cu2013%20rather%20than%20displaced%20%5Cu2013%20by%20finance.%20It%20is%20characterised%20by%20the%20emergence%20of%20corporate%20landlords%2C%20highly%20leveraged%20housing%2C%20platform%20capitalism%20%28e.g.%20Airbnb%29%2C%20transnational%20wealth%20elites%20using%20cities%20as%20a%20%5Cu2018safe%20deposit%20box%5Cu2019%2C%20and%20a%20further%20%5Cu2018naturalisation%5Cu2019%20of%20state-sponsored%20gentrification.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2202%5C%2F2019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Ftesg.12332%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220040747X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.wiley.com%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Ftesg.12332%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22X9NR56RU%22%2C%22ZP8AGDAW%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-04T13%3A21%3A05Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22corporate%20landlords%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22finance-led%20capitalism%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22financialisation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22financialization%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22gentrification%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22international%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neoliberal%20urbanism%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22platform%20capitalism%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22state-led%20gentrification%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HSIAJI4R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hochstenbach%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-10-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHochstenbach%2C%20C.%20%282017%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14036096.2016.1271825%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BState-led%20Gentrification%20and%20the%20Changing%20Geography%20of%20Market-oriented%20Housing%20Policies%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHousing%2C%20Theory%20and%20Society%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B34%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%20399%5Cu2013419.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14036096.2016.1271825%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22State-led%20Gentrification%20and%20the%20Changing%20Geography%20of%20Market-oriented%20Housing%20Policies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cody%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hochstenbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Governments%20in%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20contexts%20have%20long%20pursued%20policies%20of%20social%20mixing%20to%20disperse%20poverty%20concentrations%2C%20attract%20middle%20class%20residents%2C%20and%20manage%20disadvantaged%20neighbourhoods.%20Drawing%20on%20longitudinal%20and%20spatial%20housing%20data%20for%20the%20case%20of%20Amsterdam%2C%20this%20paper%20shows%20that%20the%20dominant%20instruments%20to%20facilitate%20social%20mixing%20have%20changed%20over%20time.%20Policy%20focus%20has%20shifted%20from%20large-scale%20urban%20renewal%20projects%20and%20the%20demolition%20of%20social%20rental%20housing%20to%20the%20sale%20of%20existing%20social%20rental%20dwellings.%20The%20changing%20nature%20of%20tenure%20restructuring%20also%20brings%20about%20a%20changing%20geography%3A%20while%20urban%20renewal%20was%20mostly%20concentrated%20in%20post-war%20neighbourhoods%20of%20socio-economic%20decline%2C%20social%20housing%20sales%20are%20increasingly%20concentrated%20in%20inner%20city%20neighbourhoods%20where%20already%20existing%20gentri%5Cufb01cation%20processes%20are%20ampli%5Cufb01ed.%20These%20shifts%20need%20to%20be%20considered%20within%20their%20wider%20policy%20context.%20Local%20policies%20increasingly%20focus%20on%20catering%20to%20the%20preferences%20of%20middle%20class%20households%2C%20while%20welfare%20state%20restructuring%20and%20national%20austerity%20measures%20push%20policies%20that%20cut%20back%20on%20social%20rental%20housing.%20Thus%2C%20this%20paper%20demonstrates%20that%20the%20demise%20of%20social%20rent%20has%20accelerated%20under%20conditions%20of%20market-oriented%20housing%20restructuring%2C%20and%20increasingly%20occurs%20in%20high%20demand%20neighbourhoods%20where%20current%20housing%20policies%20push%20gentri%5Cufb01cation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017-10-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F14036096.2016.1271825%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221403-6096%2C%201651-2278%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F14036096.2016.1271825%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22X9NR56RU%22%2C%22G9JB7DFT%22%2C%22SEEKPC8Q%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-19T18%3A38%3A12Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Amsterdam%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Europe%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22The%20Netherlands%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22austerity%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22gentrification%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22housing%20liberalization%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22housing%20policy%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22housing%20policy%20-%20Europe%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22market-oriented%20restructuring%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22privatization%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22social%20mix%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22social%20mixing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22social-rental%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22state-led%20gentrification%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228SFP6ZUF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lees%20and%20Ferreri%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLees%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ferreri%2C%20M.%20%282016%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0264275115300299%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BResisting%20gentrification%20on%20its%20final%20frontiers%3A%20Learning%20from%20the%20Heygate%20Estate%20in%20London%20%281974%5Cu20132013%29%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCities%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B57%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%2014%5Cu201324.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cities.2015.12.005%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Resisting%20gentrification%20on%20its%20final%20frontiers%3A%20Learning%20from%20the%20Heygate%20Estate%20in%20London%20%281974%5Cu20132013%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Loretta%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lees%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mara%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ferreri%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20state-led%20gentri%5Cufb01cation%20and%20social%20cleansing%20of%20low%20income%20tenants%20from%20inner%20London%20has%20been%20ongoing%20since%20the%20late%201990s%20and%20continues%20today.%20Publicly%20owned%20and%20managed%20council%20estates%20have%20become%20the%20key%20target%20of%20what%20has%20been%20aptly%20labelled%20the%20%26%23039%3Bnew%26%23039%3B%20urban%20renewal.%20Council%20estates%20are%20one%20of%20the%20%5Cufb01nal%20gentri%5Cufb01cation%20frontiers%20in%20London%2C%20housing%20low%20income%20tenants%20in%20the%20face%20of%20the%20total%20gentri%5Cufb01cation%20of%20the%20city.%20In%20this%20paper%20we%20focus%20on%20the%20resistance%20to%20gentri%5Cufb01cation%20that%20emerged%20in%20and%20around%20one%20of%20these%20estates%3A%20the%20Heygate%20Estate%20in%20Elephant%20and%20Castle%2C%20inner%20London.%20The%20research%20and%20some%20of%20the%20activities%20discussed%20formed%20part%20of%20a%20Scholar-%20Activist%20project.%20We%20discuss%20three%20forms%20of%20resistance%3A%20local%20civil%20society%20network%20organising%20to%20support%20open%20master%20planning%20through%20active%20engagement%20with%20planning%3B%20self-organised%20activities%20to%20keep%20the%20estate%20open%20and%20accessible%20during%20the%20displacement%20of%20its%20residents%3B%20and%20the%20legal%20challenges%20to%20the%20Compulsory%20Purchase%20Order%20of%20the%20last%20remaining%20properties%20in%20the%20form%20of%20a%20CPO%20Public%20Inquiry.%20While%20unsuccessful%20in%20saving%20the%20estate%20from%20demolition%2C%20each%20form%20of%20resistance%20and%20their%20interrelation%20succeeded%20in%20exposing%20the%20degree%20to%20which%20the%20regeneration%20of%20Elephant%20and%20Castle%20and%20its%20centrepiece%20demolition%20of%20the%20estate%2C%20was%5C%2Fis%20not%20in%20the%20%5Cu2018public%20interest%5Cu2019%20and%20in%20discrediting%20the%20local%20authority%26%23039%3Bs%20%5Cu2018regeneration%20spin%5Cu2019.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cities.2015.12.005%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202642751%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0264275115300299%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IJWYU4J5%22%2C%22X9NR56RU%22%2C%22F9NFQ85Y%22%2C%22DA665RZR%22%2C%22F7XMZ57L%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-28T12%3A24%3A36Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22London%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22UK%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22activism%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22activism%5C%2Fresistance%20-%20UK%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22coalitions%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22council%20estates%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22displacement%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22gentrification%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22mixed-income%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22mixed-income%20housing%20-%20UK%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22neighborhood%20organizing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22scholar-activism%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22state-led%20gentrification%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22tenant%20organizing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22urban%20renewal%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22%5Cu2018new%5Cu2019%20urban%20renewal%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225SNDMXHN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Teernstra%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BTeernstra%2C%20A.%20%282015%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0308518X15595760%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BContextualizing%20state-led%20gentrification%3A%20goals%20of%20governing%20actors%20in%20generating%20neighbourhood%20upgrading%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEnvironment%20and%20Planning%20A%3A%20Economy%20and%20Space%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B47%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%287%29%2C%201460%5Cu20131479.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0308518X15595760%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Contextualizing%20state-led%20gentrification%3A%20goals%20of%20governing%20actors%20in%20generating%20neighbourhood%20upgrading%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annalies%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Teernstra%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20paper%20provides%20insight%20into%20the%20way%20in%20which%20state-led%20gentrification%20unfolded%20in%20three%20neighbourhoods%20in%20Amsterdam%20and%20The%20Hague.%20Although%20Dutch%20gentrification%20has%20been%20comparatively%20mild%2C%20state%20actors%20increasingly%20adopted%20gentrification%20as%20a%20policy%20tool.%20However%2C%20the%20Netherlands%20provides%20a%20particular%20context%20for%20state-led%20gentrification.%20First%2C%20the%20national%20government%20plays%20a%20key%20role%2C%20as%20regeneration%20policies%20increasingly%20promoted%20gentrification%20as%20an%20instrument%20for%20differentiating%20the%20housing%20stock%20and%20as%20necessary%20to%20prevent%20social%20problems%20and%20decline.%20These%20goals%20are%20adopted%20by%20local%20governments%20in%20neighbourhood%20regeneration.%20Second%2C%20housing%20associations%20are%20important%20stimulators%20of%20gentrification.%20They%20are%20hybrid%20organizations%3A%20although%20their%20task%20is%20providing%20affordable%20housing%2C%20they%20are%20also%20market-oriented%20actors%20who%20generate%20income%20from%20market%20activities.%20However%2C%20power%20inequalities%20between%20actors%2C%20different%20objectives%20and%20priorities%20of%20actors%20and%20different%20local%20contexts%20resulted%20in%20processes%20of%20negotiation%20and%20consequently%2C%20diverse%20regeneration%20strategies.%20Although%20interventions%20are%20moving%20into%20a%20neoliberal%20direction%2C%20governments%20and%20housing%20associations%20still%20form%20a%20strong%20buffer%20between%20market%20interventions%20and%20neighbourhood%20development.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2207%5C%2F2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F0308518X15595760%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220308-518X%2C%201472-3409%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0308518X15595760%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22X9NR56RU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-02T21%3A35%3A39Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Europe%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22The%20Netherlands%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22gentrification%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22governing%20actors%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22housing%20associations%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22social%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22state-led%20gentrification%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22upgrading%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D
Aalbers, M. B. (2019). Introduction To The Forum: From Third To Fifth-Wave Gentrification: From Third To Fifth-Wave Gentrification. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 110(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12332
Hochstenbach, C. (2017). State-led Gentrification and the Changing Geography of Market-oriented Housing Policies. Housing, Theory and Society, 34(4), 399–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2016.1271825
Lees, L., & Ferreri, M. (2016). Resisting gentrification on its final frontiers: Learning from the Heygate Estate in London (1974–2013). Cities, 57, 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.12.005
Teernstra, A. (2015). Contextualizing state-led gentrification: goals of governing actors in generating neighbourhood upgrading. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 47(7), 1460–1479. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X15595760