6342983
land value capture
1
apa
50
date
1
1
title
947
https://www.thehousinghub.ca/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22RG3WLHJZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bradley%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-03-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBradley%2C%20Q.%20%282020%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0042098020907278%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BThe%20financialisation%20of%20housing%20land%20supply%20in%20England%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BUrban%20Studies%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%201%5Cu201316.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0042098020907278%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20financialisation%20of%20housing%20land%20supply%20in%20England%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Quintin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bradley%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20aim%20of%20this%20article%20is%20to%20identify%20the%20calculative%20practices%20that%20turn%20urban%20development%20planning%20into%20the%20supply-side%20of%20land%20financialisation.%20My%20focus%20is%20on%20the%20statutory%20planning%20of%20housing%20supply%20and%20the%20accounting%20procedures%2C%20or%20market%20devices%2C%20that%20normalise%20the%20practices%20of%20land%20speculation%20in%20the%20earliest%20stage%20of%20the%20urban%20development%20process.%20I%20provide%20an%20analysis%20of%20the%20accountancy%20regime%20used%20by%20planning%20authorities%20in%20England%20to%20evidence%20a%205-year%20supply%20of%20housing%20land.%20Drawing%20on%20the%20work%20of%20Michel%20Callon%20on%20market%20framing%2C%20I%20assess%20the%20activities%20of%20economic%20agents%20in%20performing%20or%20%5Cu2018formatting%5Cu2019%20this%20supply%2C%20its%20boundaries%2C%20externalities%20and%20rules%20of%20operation.%20I%20evidence%20the%20effect%20of%20this%20formatting%20in%20normalising%20the%20treatment%20of%20land%20as%20a%20financial%20asset%20and%20in%20orienting%20the%20statutory%20regulation%20of%20land%20supply%20to%20the%20provision%20of%20opportunities%20for%20the%20capture%20of%20increased%20ground%20rent%20at%20a%20cost%20to%20the%20delivery%20of%20new%20homes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-03-10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F0042098020907278%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220042-0980%2C%201360-063X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0042098020907278%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZP8AGDAW%22%2C%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-04T14%3A45%3A59Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22England%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22UK%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22financialization%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JBBKSRRP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gallent%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGallent%2C%20N.%2C%20Morphet%2C%20J.%2C%20Chiu%2C%20R.%20L.%20H.%2C%20Filion%2C%20P.%2C%20Fischer%2C%20K.%20F.%2C%20Gurran%2C%20N.%2C%20Li%2C%20P.%2C%20Schwartz%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Stead%2C%20D.%20%282020%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0264275120312683%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BInternational%20experience%20of%20public%20infrastructure%20delivery%20in%20support%20of%20housing%20growth%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCities%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B107%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20102920.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cities.2020.102920%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22International%20experience%20of%20public%20infrastructure%20delivery%20in%20support%20of%20housing%20growth%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nick%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gallent%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Janice%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morphet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rebecca%20L.H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chiu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pierre%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Filion%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20Friedhelm%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fischer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicole%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gurran%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pengfei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alex%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schwartz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dominic%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stead%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20paper%20compares%20planning%20and%20funding%20arrangements%20for%20public%20infrastructure%20delivery%20in%20support%20of%20new%20housing%20development%20in%20the%20UK%2C%20Australia%2C%20Germany%2C%20the%20Netherlands%2C%20Canada%2C%20the%20US%2C%20and%20Hong%20Kong%5C%2F%20Mainland%20China.%20It%20examines%20the%20roles%20and%20responsibilities%20of%20different%20levels%20of%20government%2C%20the%20extraction%20of%20financial%20contributions%20from%20the%20development%20process%20%28mainly%20funded%20through%20increases%20in%20land%20value%29%2C%20and%20the%20level%20of%20involvement%20of%20private%20and%20public%20actors%20in%20infrastructure%20delivery%20and%20land%20value%20capture%20%28LVC%29.%20Three%20linked%20questions%20provide%20a%20basis%20for%20comparison%20of%20the%20cases%3A%20first%2C%20what%20arrangements%20are%20in%20place%2C%20in%20terms%20of%20planning%20hierarchy%20and%20responsibility%2C%20for%20coordinating%20infrastructure%20delivery%20%28and%20how%20do%20these%20relate%20to%20funding%20arrangements%29%3B%20second%2C%20how%20are%20local%20contributions%20extracted%20from%20the%20development%20process%20or%20through%20the%20acquisition%20and%20sale%20of%20land%3B%20and%20lastly%2C%20what%20inferences%20can%20be%20drawn%20regarding%20the%20relative%20power%20of%20public%20and%20private%20actors%20in%20this%20process%20and%20to%20what%20extent%20is%20public%20interest%20prioritized%5C%2Fserved%20through%20prevailing%20approaches%20to%20value%20extraction.%20The%20paper%20contributes%20international%20experience%20to%20debates%20on%20optimizing%20planning%20approaches%20for%20infrastructure%20delivery%20while%20maximizing%20public%20benefit%20from%20land%20value.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2212%5C%2F2020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cities.2020.102920%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202642751%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0264275120312683%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-27T20%3A47%3A31Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22developer%20contributions%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22developer%20obligations%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22developers%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22funding%20arrangements%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22housing%20provision%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22infrastructure%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22international%20comparisons%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land-use%20planning%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IV58QF2U%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lawson%20and%20Ruonavaara%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLawson%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ruonavaara%2C%20H.%20%282020%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsmartland.fi%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2FLand-policy-for-affordable-and-inclusive-housing-an-international-review.pdf%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BLand%20policy%20for%20affordable%20and%20inclusive%20housing%3A%20An%20international%20review%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20RMIT%20University%3B%20University%20of%20Turku%3B%20Strategic%20Research%3B%20Academy%20of%20Finland.%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Land%20policy%20for%20affordable%20and%20inclusive%20housing%3A%20An%20international%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Julie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lawson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hannu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ruonavaara%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20purpose%20of%20this%20international%20review%20is%20to%20shed%20light%20on%20the%20range%20of%20land%20policy%20instruments%20that%20governments%20can%20use%20to%20inform%20best%20practices%20that%20improve%20housing%20affordability%20and%20promote%20more%20inclusive%20neighbourhoods.%20These%20instruments%20include%3A%20public%20land%20banking%2C%20public%20land%20leasing%2C%20land%20re-adjustment%2C%20land%20value%20recapture%2C%20regulatory%20planning%2C%20neighbourhood%20planning%20and%20regulating%20the%20platform%20real%20estate%20industry.%20The%20geographical%20scope%20of%20the%20illustrations%20presented%20is%20both%20broad%20and%20deep%20and%20includes%20Europe%2C%20Asia%2C%20North%20America%20and%20Australia%20to%20provide%20national%2C%20regional%20and%20local%20territorial%20perspective.%20The%20report%20begins%20by%20defining%20land%20policy%20strategies%20and%20contrasting%20the%20development%20trajectories%20of%20two%20of%20the%20world%5Cu2019s%20most%20populous%20countries%3A%20India%20and%20China%2C%20emphasising%20the%20importance%20of%20adequate%20collection%20and%20transferal%20of%20fiscal%20resources%2C%20appropriate%20administrative%20capabilities%20at%20the%20right%20territorial%20scale%2C%20strategic%20public%20land%20banking%20and%20purposeful%20land%20use%20regulation.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22RMIT%20University%3B%20University%20of%20Turku%3B%20Strategic%20Research%3B%20Academy%20of%20Finland%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsmartland.fi%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2FLand-policy-for-affordable-and-inclusive-housing-an-international-review.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-27T20%3A39%3A15Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Asia%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Australasia%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Canada%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Europe%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22inclusionary%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22international%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20banking%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22mixed%20countries%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20land%20development%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZJ9X8SLR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ryan-Collins%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-07-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRyan-Collins%2C%20J.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0308518X19862811%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BBreaking%20the%20housing%5Cu2013finance%20cycle%3A%20Macroeconomic%20policy%20reforms%20for%20more%20affordable%20homes%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEnvironment%20and%20Planning%20A%3A%20Economy%20and%20Space%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%200308518X1986281.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0308518X19862811%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Breaking%20the%20housing%5Cu2013finance%20cycle%3A%20Macroeconomic%20policy%20reforms%20for%20more%20affordable%20homes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Josh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ryan-Collins%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20paper%20argues%20that%20the%20housing%20affordability%20and%20wealth%20inequality%20crises%20facing%20advanced%20economies%20are%20driven%20by%20the%20emergence%20of%20a%20feedback%20cycle%20between%20finance%20and%20landed%20property.%20The%20cycle%20has%20been%20created%20by%20the%20increasing%20policy%20preference%20for%20private%20home%20ownership%20coupled%20with%20the%20liberalization%20of%20bank%20credit%20and%20accompanying%20financial%20innovation.%20Under%20such%20conditions%2C%20landed%20property%20becomes%20both%20the%20most%20attractive%20form%20of%20collateral%20for%20the%20banking%20system%20and%20the%20most%20desirable%20form%20of%20financial%20asset%20for%20households%20and%20investors.%20The%20housing%5Cu2013finance%20cycle%20emerged%20in%20Anglo-Saxon%20economies%20in%20the%201980s%20but%20has%20since%20spread%20to%20most%20advanced%20economies.%20Demand-side%20reforms%2C%20more%20than%20the%20supply-side%20reforms%20that%20dominate%20policy%20discussion%2C%20are%20required%20to%20break%20this%20cycle.%20Two%20reforms%20are%20discussed%3A%20%28a%29%20structural%20and%20institutional%20reforms%20to%20banking%20systems%2C%20including%20central%20banks%3B%20and%20%28b%29%20land%20policy%20reforms%20targeted%20at%20reducing%20the%20potential%20for%20rent%20extraction%20and%20speculative%20profits%20from%20property%20ownership.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-07-10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F0308518X19862811%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220308-518X%2C%201472-3409%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0308518X19862811%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-11-06T17%3A17%3A02Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22credit%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22de-financialization%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22economic%20rent%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22financialization%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20taxation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20tax%20%28LVT%29%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22mixed%20countries%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZJSB26H8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nzau%20and%20Trillo%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-07-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BNzau%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Trillo.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mdpi.com%5C%2F2071-1050%5C%2F11%5C%2F13%5C%2F3649%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BHarnessing%20the%20Real%20Estate%20Market%20for%20Equitable%20Affordable%20Housing%20Provision%20through%20Land%20Value%20Capture%3A%20Insights%20from%20San%20Francisco%20City%2C%20California%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BSustainability%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B11%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2813%29%2C%201%5Cu201336.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fsu11133649%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Harnessing%20the%20Real%20Estate%20Market%20for%20Equitable%20Affordable%20Housing%20Provision%20through%20Land%20Value%20Capture%3A%20Insights%20from%20San%20Francisco%20City%2C%20California%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Nzau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Trillo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%5Cufb00ordable%20housing%20remains%20a%20serious%20problem%20in%20many%20countries.%20Even%20as%20the%20housing%20a%5Cufb00ordability%20crisis%20deepens%2C%20most%20cities%20continue%20to%20exhibit%20robust%20real%20estate%20markets%20with%20high%20property%20prices.%20The%20low-income%20and%20poor%20households%20are%20unable%20to%20access%20a%5Cufb00ordable%20housing%20and%20remain%20excluded.%20This%20paper%20draws%20from%20empirical%20research%20conducted%20in%20the%20city%20of%20San%20Francisco%20and%20focuses%20on%20the%20application%20of%20Land%20Value%20Capture%20%28LVC%29%20through%20increased%20Inclusionary%20Housing%20%28IH%29%20requirements%20after%20plan%20changes%20that%20increased%20density%20potential%20in%20San%20Francisco%5Cu2019s%20Eastern%20Neighbourhoods%20to%20evaluate%20its%20e%5Cufb00ects%20on%20the%20goals%20of%20increasing%20both%20a%5Cufb00ordable%20housing%20and%20social%20inclusion.%20Findings%20reveal%20that%20the%20increased%20inclusionary%20requirements%20used%20as%20LVC%20mechanism%20enabled%2076.2%25%20of%20all%20the%20a%5Cufb00ordable%20housing%20units%20produced%20in%20the%20Eastern%20Neighbourhoods%20to%20be%20produced%20by%20market-rate%20developers%20in%202011%5Cu20132015%20as%20compared%20to%20the%20rest%20of%20San%20Francisco%2C%20where%2035.5%25%20of%20the%20a%5Cufb00ordable%20units%20were%20produced%20from%20the%20market%20through%20inclusionary%20policy%20during%20the%20same%20period.%20The%20study%20demonstrates%20that%20upzoning%20underutilised%20land%20coupled%20with%20a%20well-planned%20LVC%20mechanism%20can%20help%20harness%20the%20strength%20of%20the%20real%20estate%20market%20and%20increase%20both%20a%5Cufb00ordable%20housing%20production%20and%20social%20inclusion.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-07-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fsu11133649%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222071-1050%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mdpi.com%5C%2F2071-1050%5C%2F11%5C%2F13%5C%2F3649%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-02T21%3A59%3A28Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22San%20Francisco%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22inclusionary%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22rezoning%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22social%20inclusion%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PSSWCH29%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mu%5Cu00f1oz%20Gielen%20and%20Mualam%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMu%5Cu00f1oz%20Gielen%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Mualam%2C%20N.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0264837718307488%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BA%20framework%20for%20analyzing%20the%20effectiveness%20and%20efficiency%20of%20land%20readjustment%20regulations%3A%20Comparison%20of%20Germany%2C%20Spain%20and%20Israel%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BLand%20Use%20Policy%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B87%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20104077.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.landusepol.2019.104077%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20framework%20for%20analyzing%20the%20effectiveness%20and%20efficiency%20of%20land%20readjustment%20regulations%3A%20Comparison%20of%20Germany%2C%20Spain%20and%20Israel%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Demetrio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mu%5Cu00f1oz%20Gielen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mualam%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Studies%20about%20the%20effectiveness%20and%20efficiency%20of%20planning%20policies%20in%20general%2C%20and%20of%20land%20readjustment%20%28LR%29%20regulations%20in%20particular%2C%20face%20many%20challenges%20given%20the%20paucity%20of%20common%20methods%20that%20allow%20systematic%20comparisons%20between%20different%20contexts.%20This%20paper%20develops%20an%20analytical%20framework%20to%20study%20the%20effectiveness%20and%20efficiency%20of%20LR-regulations%20and%20applies%20it%20in%20Germany%2C%20Spain%2C%20and%20Israel.%20This%20framework%20defines%20several%20independent%20variables%3A%20LR%20regulation%2C%20its%20related%20coercive%20powers%2C%20and%20its%20interaction%20with%20public%20value%20capture%20instruments.%20The%20conceptual%20frame%20also%20defines%20the%20dependent%20variables%3A%20certainty%20about%20the%20provision%20of%20necessary%20inputs%20%28land%20and%20financial%20means%29%20and%20about%20the%20necessary%20outputs%20%28implementation%20of%20land%20readjustment%20and%20infrastructure%20provision%29.%20Using%20this%20analytical%20framework%2C%20it%20is%20possible%20to%20compare%20the%20degree%20to%20which%20the%20studied%20LR-regulations%20are%20effective%20and%20efficient%2C%20i.e.%20whether%20they%20provide%20serviced%20building%20plots%20with%20proper%20public%20infrastructure%20without%20public%20subsidy.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.landusepol.2019.104077%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202648377%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0264837718307488%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-27T21%3A01%3A49Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Europe%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Germany%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Israel%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Spain%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22developer%20obligations%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22finance%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22infrastructure%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22international%20comparisons%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20policy%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20readjustment%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SFA7CKS2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McAllister%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMcAllister%2C%20P.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonline.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.28%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BThe%20taxing%20problems%20of%20land%20value%20capture%2C%20planning%20obligations%20and%20viability%20tests%3A%20some%20reasonable%20models%3F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BTown%20Planning%20Review%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B90%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%20429%5Cu2013451.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.28%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20taxing%20problems%20of%20land%20value%20capture%2C%20planning%20obligations%20and%20viability%20tests%3A%20some%20reasonable%20models%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McAllister%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Given%20their%20increasing%20importance%20in%20the%20formation%20and%20implementation%20of%20planning%20policies%20in%20the%20UK%2C%20this%20paper%20focuses%20on%20the%20use%20of%20development%20viability%20tests%20to%20determine%20how%20land%20value%20uplifts%20actuated%20by%20planning%20consent%20could%20be%20distributed%20between%20developers%2C%20landowners%20and%20the%20community.%20Following%20a%20discussion%20of%20way%20in%20which%20planning%20obligations%20act%20as%20a%20quasi-betterment%20tax%20that%20canboth%20capture%20and%20create%20land%20values%2C%20alternative%20approaches%20to%20operationalising%20Benchmark%20Land%20Value%20%28BLV%29%20are%20evaluated.%20The%20effects%20of%20different%20approaches%20to%20BLV%20on%20potential%20land%20value%20capture%20are%20simulated%20for%20a%20number%20of%20hypothetical%20development%20sites%20in%20order%20to%20identify%20and%20compare%20implied%20betterment%20tax%20rates%20and%20to%20estimate%20viable%20affordable%20housing%20proportions.%20It%20is%20concluded%20that%20large%20geographical%20variations%20in%20property%20prices%20produce%20large%20variations%20in%20the%20potential%20for%20land%20value%20capture.%20Different%20approaches%20to%20BLV%20have%20a%20range%20of%20strengths%20and%20weaknesses.%20In%20addition%2C%20given%20that%20viability%20models%20are%20susceptible%20to%20significant%20levels%20of%20error%20and%20potential%20bias%2C%20using%20such%20models%20to%20make%20and%20implement%20planning%20policies%20renders%20such%20processes%20vulnerable%20to%20opportunistic%20behaviour%20and%20prone%20to%20miscalculation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2206%5C%2F2019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.28%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220041-0020%2C%201478-341X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonline.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.28%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-04T14%3A57%3A41Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Benchmark%20Land%20Value%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22London%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22UK%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22development%20viability%20assessment%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22development%20viability%20tests%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22financial%20viability%20assessment%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22non-market%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22social%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22viability%20assessment%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M2LZDUVV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Crook%20and%20Whitehead%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCrook%2C%20A.%20D.%20H.%20%28Tony%29%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Whitehead%2C%20C.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonline.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.25%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BCapturing%20development%20value%2C%20principles%20and%20practice%3A%20why%20is%20it%20so%20difficult%3F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BTown%20Planning%20Review%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B90%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%20359%5Cu2013381.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.25%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Capturing%20development%20value%2C%20principles%20and%20practice%3A%20why%20is%20it%20so%20difficult%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20D.%20H.%20%28Tony%29%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crook%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whitehead%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Land%20prices%20have%20risen%20significantly%20in%20England%20over%20the%20last%20two%20decades%2C%20generating%20debate%20about%20how%20far%20%5Cu2018unearned%20increments%5Cu2019%2C%20particularly%20those%20arising%20with%20planning%20permission%2C%20can%20and%20should%20be%20taxed%20for%20the%20public%20good.%20In%20principle%2C%20taxing%20such%20increases%20should%20be%20easy%2C%20although%20experience%20suggests%20otherwise.%20Taxing%20them%2C%20like%20any%20other%20tax%2C%20should%20be%20judged%20by%20how%20much%20is%20raised%20together%20with%20three%20welfare%20criteria%3A%20do%20they%20promote%20a%20more%20efficient%20use%20of%20resources%3B%20achieve%20more%20equitable%20outcomes%3B%20and%20comply%20with%20taxation%20principles%20of%20revenue%20raising%2C%20fairness%20and%20administrative%20competence.%20The%20paper%20discusses%20the%20two%20main%20UK%20mechanisms%3A%20unhypothecated%20national%20taxation%20and%20negotiated%20local%20contributions%20for%20infrastructure%20and%20affordable%20housing%2C%20assessing%20how%20far%20they%20have%20met%20these%20requirements.%20Finally%2C%20the%20paper%20considers%20how%20the%20current%20system%20might%20be%20modified%20better%20to%20achieve%20the%20desired%20outcomes%20and%20whether%20there%20is%20a%20case%20for%20more%20fundamental%20reform.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2206%5C%2F2019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.25%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220041-0020%2C%201478-341X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonline.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.25%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-02T21%3A25%3A50Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Community%20Infrastructure%20Levy%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Community%20Infrastructure%20Levy%20%28CIL%29%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22London%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22S106%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22UK%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22planning%20obligations%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GN6CMUYC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Crosby%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCrosby%2C%20N.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonline.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.27%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BDevelopment%20viability%20assessment%20and%20the%20provision%20of%20affordable%20housing%3A%20a%20game%20of%20%26%23039%3Bpass%20the%20parcel%26%23039%3B%3F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BTown%20Planning%20Review%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B90%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%20407%5Cu2013428.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.27%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Development%20viability%20assessment%20and%20the%20provision%20of%20affordable%20housing%3A%20a%20game%20of%20%27pass%20the%20parcel%27%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crosby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20paper%20constructs%20a%20hypothetical%20case%20study%20based%20around%20the%20benchmark%20land%20value%20assessments%20within%20the%20landmark%20Parkhurst%20Road%2C%20London%2C%20case%20decided%20in%20the%20High%20Court%20in%20April%202018.%20It%20attempts%20to%20illustrate%20how%20developers%20were%20gaming%20the%20system%20and%20how%20the%202014%20Planning%20Practice%20Guidance%20aided%20them%20to%20do%20that.%20The%20discussion%20centres%20on%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20new%202018%20National%20Planning%20Guidance%20has%20addressed%20the%20identified%20flaws%20and%20what%20additional%20changes%20might%20be%20needed%20to%20that%20guidance%20to%20solve%20any%20outstanding%20problems.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2206%5C%2F2019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.27%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220041-0020%2C%201478-341X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonline.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.3828%5C%2Ftpr.2019.27%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-09-28T21%3A19%3A02Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22London%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Planning%20Practice%20Guidance%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22UK%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22UK%20government%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22benchmark%20land%20value%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22developers%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22development%20viability%20assessment%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22financial%20viability%20assessment%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22viability%20assessment%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KCN4WNDT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Noring%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BNoring%2C%20L.%20%282019%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0264275117312817%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BPublic%20asset%20corporation%3A%20A%20new%20vehicle%20for%20urban%20regeneration%20and%20infrastructure%20finance%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCities%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B88%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20125%5Cu2013135.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cities.2019.01.002%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Public%20asset%20corporation%3A%20A%20new%20vehicle%20for%20urban%20regeneration%20and%20infrastructure%20finance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luise%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Noring%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20article%20presents%20a%20hybrid%20model%20of%20managing%20and%20financing%20urban%20redevelopment%20and%20public%20infrastructure%3A%20the%20Public%20Asset%20Corporation%20%28PAC%29.%20The%20model%20has%20evolved%20through%20the%20example%20of%20Copenhagen%20City%20%26amp%3B%20Port%20Development%20Corporation%20%28By%20og%20Havn%2C%20n.d.%29%2C%20a%20publicly%20owned%20privately%20managed%20institution%20that%20leverages%20public%20assets%20through%20land%20value%20capture%20and%20Public-Private%20Partnerships.%20In%20addition%2C%20City%20%26amp%3B%20Port%20leases%20and%20sells%20land%20to%20private%20investors%20at%20market%20prices.%20The%20yield%20serves%20public%20benefit%20by%20funding%20a%20city-wide%20metro%20system.%20Through%20a%20mandate%20by%20national%20law%20to%20always%20maximize%20the%20yield%2C%20City%20%26amp%3B%20Port%20is%20sheltered%20from%20political%20interference.%20Thus%2C%20it%20is%20the%20blend%20between%20public%20and%20private%20ownership%2C%20management%2C%20and%20financing%20that%20distinguishes%20the%20PAC%20model%20as%20it%20evolved%20from%20the%20case%20study%20of%20City%20%26amp%3B%20Port.%20In%20contrast%2C%20much%20literature%20on%20public%20ownership%20and%20management%20focuses%20upon%20the%20operational%20inefficiencies%2C%20bureaucracy%2C%20and%20lack%20of%20accountability%20of%20public%20organizations%2C%20while%20literature%20on%20private%20organizations%20is%20concerned%20with%20the%20amassment%20of%20profits%20accrued%20by%20private%20investors%2C%20despite%20originating%20from%20profit%20generating%20public%20sector-driven%20initiatives%2C%20including%20value%20appreciation%20arising%20from%20re-zoning%2C%20infrastructure%2C%20and%20other%20public%20investments.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2205%5C%2F2019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cities.2019.01.002%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202642751%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0264275117312817%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Q8NEZHIK%22%2C%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-04T13%3A58%3A22Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Copenhagen%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Denmark%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Europe%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22infrastructure%20finance%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22local%20finance%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20asset%20corporation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20land%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20land%20development%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22regeneration%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22social%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22urban%20development%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Z4NW65GX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McAllister%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMcAllister%2C%20P.%2C%20Shepherd%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wyatt%2C%20P.%20%282018%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0264837717315624%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BPolicy%20shifts%2C%20developer%20contributions%20and%20land%20value%20capture%20in%20London%202005%5Cu20132017%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BLand%20Use%20Policy%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B78%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20316%5Cu2013326.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.landusepol.2018.06.047%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Policy%20shifts%2C%20developer%20contributions%20and%20land%20value%20capture%20in%20London%202005%5Cu20132017%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McAllister%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Edward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shepherd%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wyatt%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20this%20paper%2C%20we%20examine%20how%20the%20proportion%20of%20land%20value%20captured%20through%20developer%20contributions%20in%20general%20%28and%20contributions%20towards%20non-market%20housing%20in%20particular%29%20has%20changed%2C%20and%20how%20policy%20and%20market%20shifts%20have%20affected%20land%20values%20and%20land%20value%20capture%20in%20inner%20London%20between%202005%20and%202017.%20Inner%20London%20has%20been%20selected%20as%20the%20study%20area%20because%20residential%20land%20values%20have%20increased%20dramatically%20over%20this%20period%20compared%20to%20the%20rest%20of%20England.%20Furthermore%2C%20it%20is%20in%20inner%20London%20that%20the%20housing%20affordability%20problem%20is%20most%20acute%20representing%20one%20of%20the%20most%20prominent%20examples%20of%20Wetzstein%5Cu2019s%20%5Cu201cGlobal%20Urban%20Housing%20Affordability%20Crisis%5Cu201d%20%28Wetzstein%2C%202017%2C%203160%29.%20This%20problem%20has%20been%20exacerbated%20by%20changes%20in%20government%20housing%20policy%20from%202010%20onwards%3B%20namely%2C%20a%20reduction%20in%20publicly%20funded%20non-market%20housing%20following%20the%20introduction%20of%20austerity%20measures%20and%20a%20relaxation%20of%20the%20policy%20requirement%20for%20developer%20contributions.%5Cn%5CnThe%20remainder%20of%20the%20paper%20is%20organised%20as%20follows.%20The%20next%20section%20briefly%20summarises%20England%5Cu2019s%20current%20land%20value%20capture%20and%20non-market%20housing%20provision%20regimes.%20This%20is%20followed%20by%20an%20analysis%20of%20the%20changing%20policy%20context%20regarding%20developer%20contributions%20over%20the%20study%20period%2C%20and%20policy%20changes%20that%20have%20affected%20the%20ability%20of%20local%20planning%20authorities%20to%20capture%20land%20value%20uplift.%20A%20model%20of%20land%20value%20change%20in%20inner%20London%20is%20presented%20and%20the%20assumptions%20underpinning%20the%20model%20are%5Cndiscussed.%20The%20results%20of%20the%20model%20are%20analysed%20and%20conclusions%20are%20then%20presented.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2211%5C%2F2018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.landusepol.2018.06.047%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202648377%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0264837717315624%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22DWS7I358%22%2C%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-18T16%3A44%3A47Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22London%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22UK%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22non-market%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22shared%20equity%20homeownership%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22shared%20equity%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22shared%20equity%20housing%20-%20UK%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22social%20housing%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BUQMRI2N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kershaw%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKershaw%2C%20P.%20%282018%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.citynews1130.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fblogs.dir%5C%2Fsites%5C%2F9%5C%2F2018%5C%2F05%5C%2F16%5C%2FTax_Shift_2018-05-15_website.pdf%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BA%20Tax%20Shift%20that%20Benefits%20the%20Vast%20Majority%3A%20the%20case%20for%20more%20annual%20%28deferrable%29%20ta%20xat%20ion%20of%20housing%20wealth%20to%20rebalance%20the%20mix%20of%20revenue%20generat%20ion%20tools%20used%20by%20Canadian%20governments%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Generation%20Squeeze%20Lab.%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20Tax%20Shift%20that%20Benefits%20the%20Vast%20Majority%3A%20the%20case%20for%20more%20annual%20%28deferrable%29%20ta%20xat%20ion%20of%20housing%20wealth%20to%20rebalance%20the%20mix%20of%20revenue%20generat%20ion%20tools%20used%20by%20Canadian%20governments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kershaw%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20paper%20proposes%20a%20tax%20shift%3A%20less%20tax%20on%20local%20income%2C%20more%20tax%20on%20unhealthy%20housing%20gains%20and%20better%5Cninvestments%20in%20young%20and%20old%20alike.%5Cn%5CnThe%20tax%20shift%20will%3A%5Cn%5Cu2022%20Keep%20hard-earned%20income%20in%20local%20residents%5Cu2019%20pockets%20to%20help%20us%20cope%20with%20unaffordability.%5Cn%5Cu2022%20Help%20cool%20housing%20markets%20and%20rein%20in%20costs.%5Cn%5Cu2022%20Generate%20revenue%20to%20help%20sustain%20services%20for%20our%20aging%20population%20like%20medical%20care%2C%20which%20could%5Cneliminate%20the%20need%20for%20recently%20announced%20payroll%20tax%20increases%3B%20and%20invest%20in%20priorities%20for%20young%5Cnpeople%20too%2C%20like%20child%20care%2C%20transit%20and%20housing.%5Cn%5CnThere%20are%20at%20least%20three%20reasons%20why%20we%20need%20a%20tax%20shift.%5Cn%5Cn1.%20The%20growing%20gap%20between%20incomes%20and%20home%20prices%3A%5Cn%5CnHousing%20costs%20have%20left%20behind%20incomes%20across%20Canada%2C%20especially%20in%20B.C.%20and%20Ontario.%20While%20housing%5Cnprices%20have%20more%20than%20doubled%2C%20incomes%20have%20not%20kept%20pace%2C%20and%20they%20have%20fallen%20for%20those%20of%20us%20under%2045.%5CnLess%20tax%20on%20local%20income%20can%20make%20our%20earnings%20stretch%20further.%5Cn%5CnShifting%20taxes%20towards%20housing%20wealth%20will%20help%20reduce%20treatment%20of%20homes%20as%20commodities%2C%20cooling%20the%5Cnmarket%20and%20reining%20in%20costs.%5Cn%5Cn2.%20Inequality%20driven%20by%20rising%20home%20prices%3A%5Cn%5CnInequality%20is%20rising%2C%20because%20wealth%20is%20growing%20faster%20than%20income%2C%20especially%20housing%20wealth%20due%20to%20skyrocketing%20prices.%5Cn%5CnSurprisingly%2C%20annual%20property%20taxes%20are%20down%20across%20Canada.%20For%20example%2C%20B.C.%20collects%20%242.5%20billion%20LESS%20in%5Cnproperty%20taxes%20today%20than%20in%201981%2C%20even%20while%20the%20value%20of%20real%20estate%20has%20catapulted%20many%20homeowners%20into%5Cnthe%20global%20one%20percent.%20The%20tax%20shift%20will%20restore%20better%20balance%20in%20revenue%20collection%20to%20reduce%20inequality.%5Cn%5Cn3.%20Violations%20of%20the%20intergenerational%20golden%20rule%3A%5Cn%5CnThe%20intergenerational%20golden%20rule%20implies%20do%20unto%20your%20elders%20what%20you%20would%20have%20younger%20generations%20do%5Cnunto%20you%20when%20elderly.%20This%20means%20today%5Cu2019s%20aging%20population%20can%20reasonably%20expect%20their%20children%20to%20pay%20as%5Cnmuch%20for%20them%20in%20taxes%20during%20retirement%20as%20they%20paid%20for%20their%20own%20elderly%20parents.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Generation%20Squeeze%20Lab%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.citynews1130.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fblogs.dir%5C%2Fsites%5C%2F9%5C%2F2018%5C%2F05%5C%2F16%5C%2FTax_Shift_2018-05-15_website.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WK63SEK5%22%2C%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-02T18%3A09%3A32Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Canada%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Vancouver%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22home%20equity%20taxation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22homeownership%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22homeownership%20policies%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22property%20taxes%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22wealth%20taxes%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CX5SBCCL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kershaw%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKershaw%2C%20P.%20%282018%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%5C%2Fsol3%5C%2FDelivery.cfm%5C%2FSSRN_ID3247140_code160791.pdf%3Fabstractid%3D3247140%26amp%3Bmirid%3D1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BPolicy%20Forum%3A%20A%20Tax%20Shift%5Cu2014The%20Case%20for%20Rebalancing%20the%20Tax%20Treatment%20of%20Earnings%20and%20Housing%20Wealth%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCanadian%20Tax%20Journal%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B66%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%2020.%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Policy%20Forum%3A%20A%20Tax%20Shift%5Cu2014The%20Case%20for%20Rebalancing%20the%20Tax%20Treatment%20of%20Earnings%20and%20Housing%20Wealth%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kershaw%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20study%20encourages%20provincial%20and%5C%2For%20federal%20governments%20to%20shift%20the%20balance%20of%20revenue%20generation%20to%20rely%20proportionately%20less%20on%20taxing%20earnings%20in%20favour%20of%20more%20annual%20%28deferrable%29%20taxation%20of%20housing%20wealth.%20The%20author%20argues%20that%20this%20shift%20would%20help%20to%20address%20three%20concerns%3A%20%281%29%20the%20growing%20gap%20between%20local%20earnings%20and%20home%20prices%3B%20%282%29%20the%20growth%20in%20inequality%20driven%20by%20returns%20to%20housing%20capital%3B%20and%20%283%29%20inequalities%20that%20result%20from%20violations%20of%20the%20intergenerational%20golden%20rule%20in%20government%20budgeting.%20To%20support%20this%20tax%20shift%2C%20the%20author%20suggests%20design%20considerations%20by%20reflecting%20on%20housing%20wealth%20surtaxes%20introduced%20by%20the%20government%20of%20British%20Columbia%20in%202018%20and%20a%20%5Cu201cmillion-dollar%20homes%20tax%5Cu201d%20alternative%20that%20he%20proposes%20in%20order%20to%20stimulate%20further%20discussion.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%5C%2Fsol3%5C%2FDelivery.cfm%5C%2FSSRN_ID3247140_code160791.pdf%3Fabstractid%3D3247140%26mirid%3D1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-09-19T17%3A58%3A00Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22British%20Columbia%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Canada%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Vancouver%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22home%20equity%20taxation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22homeownership%20policies%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22property%20taxes%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22tax%20equity%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22tax%20mix%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22wealth%20taxes%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225RLV7ADV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Howard%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHoward%2C%20J.%20%282017%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsmartech.gatech.edu%5C%2Fbitstream%5C%2Fhandle%5C%2F1853%5C%2F58527%5C%2Fjordan_howard_utilizing_transit_oriented_development_funds.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26amp%3BisAllowed%3Dy%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BUtilizing%20Transit%20Oriented%20Development%20Funds%20to%20Finance%20Affordable%20Housing%20Near%20Transit%20Corridors%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BSchool%20of%20City%20and%20Regional%20Planning%20Applied%20Research%20Papers%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Utilizing%20Transit%20Oriented%20Development%20Funds%20to%20Finance%20Affordable%20Housing%20Near%20Transit%20Corridors%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jordan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Howard%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20purpose%20of%20this%20paper%20is%20to%20strongly%20argue%20in%20favor%20of%20the%20establishment%20of%20the%20financing%20mechanism%20known%20as%20Transit%20Oriented%20Development%20Funds%2C%20or%20%5Cu201cTOD%20Funds.%5Cu201d%20The%20funds%20are%20a%20path%20forward%20as%20cities%20and%20regions%20seek%20to%20address%20concerns%20about%20affordability%20and%20equitability%2C%20particularly%20as%20they%20relate%20to%20transit%20corridors.%20Programs%20in%20Denver%2C%20CO%2C%20Seattle%2C%20WA%2C%20and%20the%20Bay%20Area%20in%20Northern%20California%20will%20be%20evaluated%20as%20to%20their%20effectiveness.%20In%20addition%2C%20there%20will%20be%20a%20focus%20on%20what%20is%20permissible%20within%20the%20legal%20framework%20of%20the%20state%20of%20Georgia%20as%20the%20City%20of%20Atlanta%20and%20the%20Metro%20Atlanta%20Rapid%20Transit%20Authority%20%28MARTA%29%20attempt%20their%20own%20Transit%20Oriented%20Development%20program.%20Finally%2C%20other%20popular%20affordable%20housing%20programs%20such%20as%20the%20Low%20Income%20Housing%20Tax%20Credit%20%28LIHTC%29%20and%20New%20Market%20Tax%20Credits%20will%20be%20considered%20and%20contrasted%20with%20TOD%20Funds.%20Some%20of%20the%20criteria%20considered%20when%20evaluating%20a%20particular%20city%5C%2Fregion%5Cu2019s%20programs%20will%20be%20based%20on%3A%5Cn1%29%20Profitability%20--%20Do%20these%20area%5Cu2019s%20programs%20allow%20the%20developers%20to%20not%20only%20cover%20costs%2C%20but%20also%20make%20money%3F%5Cn2%29%20Regulatory%20--%20Do%20these%20programs%20allow%20developers%20enough%20leeway%20to%20make%20the%20projects%20happen%3F%5Cn3%29%20Zoning%20--%20Is%20the%20surrounding%20zoning%20conducive%20to%20the%20program%26%23039%3Bs%20success%3F%20Is%20rezoning%20an%20option%20that%20can%20occur%20in%20an%20expedited%20manner%3F%5Cn4%29%20Government%20Support%20--%20Is%20local%2C%20state%2C%20or%20federal%20support%20necessary%20for%20the%20program%5Cu2019s%20success%3F%5Cn5%29%20Legality%20--%20Is%20the%20program%20broad%20enough%20to%20be%20easily%20applied%20to%20other%20cities%2C%20counties%2C%20and%20states%3F%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fsmartech.gatech.edu%5C%2Fbitstream%5C%2Fhandle%5C%2F1853%5C%2F58527%5C%2Fjordan_howard_utilizing_transit_oriented_development_funds.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-21T17%3A29%3A19Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Transit-Oriented%20Affordable%20Housing%20%28TOAH%29%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22transit%20oriented%20development%20funds%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22transit-oriented%20development%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SF7C3FQU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Olajide%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BOlajide%2C%20O.%20%282015%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%5C%2Fmedia%5C%2Fdownload%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2F310%5C%2F1.0305734%5C%2F5%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BTRANSIT%20VALUE%20CAPTURE%20FINANCE%3A%20A%20Global%20Review%20towards%20Measuring%20Monetary%20Efficiency%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%5BUniversity%20of%20British%20Columbia%5D.%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22TRANSIT%20VALUE%20CAPTURE%20FINANCE%3A%20A%20Global%20Review%20towards%20Measuring%20Monetary%20Efficiency%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oladapo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olajide%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22There%20are%20two%20approaches%20to%20land%20value%20capture%20%28LVC%29%3B%20they%20include%20Development%20Based%20Land%20Value%20Capture%20%28DBLVC%29%20and%20Taxation%20Based%20Land%20Value%20Capture%20%28TBLVC%29.%20The%20former%20leverages%20land%20assets%20and%20development%20rights%20in%20transit%20proximate%20areas%20in%20order%20to%20meet%20a%20transportation%20funding%20objective%2C%20whereas%20the%20latter%20leverages%20and%20applies%20taxation%20powers%20and%20instruments%20available%20to%20transit%20agencies%20and%20governments%20on%20transit%20benefitting%20properties.%20DBLVC%20instruments%20discussed%20in%20this%20report%20include%3A%20Direct%20Property%20Development%2C%20Joint%20Property%20Development%2C%20Land%20Sales%2C%20Land%20Lease%20Agreements%2C%20Land%20Readjustments%2C%20and%20Urban%20Redevelopment%20Schemes.%20Direct%20Property%20Development%20and%20Joint%20Property%20Development%20are%20highlighted%20in%20this%20report%20by%20conducting%20case%20studies%20on%20Nanchang%2C%20China%20and%20Hong%20Kong%20Mass%20Transit%20Railway%20%28MTR%29%20Corporation%20respectively.%20TBLVC%20instruments%20discussed%20in%20this%20report%20include%3A%20Tax%20increment%20financing%2C%20Special%20Assessments%2C%20Land%20Value%20Tax%2C%20Betterment%20Charges%2C%20Transportation%20Impact%20Fees%2C%20and%20Station%20Connection%20Fees.%20Betterment%20Charges%20are%20highlighted%20in%20this%20report%20by%20conducting%20a%20case%20study%20on%20London%5Cu2019s%20Crossrail%20Business%20Rate%20Supplement%20%28BRS%29.%20Using%20limited%20public%20financial%20data%2C%20the%20financial%20performance%20of%20the%20three%20highlighted%20LVC%20case%20studies%20%5Cu2013%20Nanchang%20Direct%20Property%20Development%20program%2C%20Hong%20Kong%20MTR%20Rail%20plus%20Property%20program%2C%20and%20London%20Crossrail%20BRS%20-%20are%20assessed%20using%20the%20Transit%20Land%20Value%20Capture%20Cost%20Recovery%20Ratio%20%28TLVCCR%29%20%5Cu2013%20a%20ratio%20comparing%20the%20implementation%20cost%20of%20LVC%20mechanisms%20to%20revenues%20generated.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22University%20of%20British%20Columbia%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%5C%2Fmedia%5C%2Fdownload%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2F310%5C%2F1.0305734%5C%2F5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-11-17T16%3A36%3A59Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22China%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Hong%20Kong%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Southeast%20Asia%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22dissertation%5C%2Fthesis%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22property%20development%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22transaction%20advice%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22transit-oriented%20development%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22transport%20finance%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22transport%20planning%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22urban%20development%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22urban%20policy%20and%20governance%20urban%20land%20economics%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225ZE4GPVA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mu%5Cu00f1oz-Gielen%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMu%5Cu00f1oz-Gielen%2C%20D.%20%282014%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0969776412440543%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BUrban%20governance%2C%20property%20rights%2C%20land%20readjustment%20and%20public%20value%20capturing%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEuropean%20Urban%20and%20Regional%20Studies%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B21%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%2060%5Cu201378.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0969776412440543%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Urban%20governance%2C%20property%20rights%2C%20land%20readjustment%20and%20public%20value%20capturing%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Demetrio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mu%5Cu00f1oz-Gielen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22There%20is%20an%20ongoing%20debate%20in%20the%20literature%20on%20urban%20policy%20networks%20about%20governance%20and%2C%20more%20specifically%2C%20the%20role%20of%20public%20bodies%20in%20urban%20policy%20implementation%20networks.%20This%20paper%20focuses%20on%20the%20specific%20debate%20in%20Dutch%20and%20Spanish%20academic%20and%20professional%20circles%20regarding%20property%20rights%20in%20land%20%28hereafter%20property%20rights%29%20and%20the%20need%20to%20separate%20development%20rights%20from%20property%20rights.%20The%20British%20nationalisation%20of%20development%20rights%20in%201947%20is%20an%20important%20point%20of%20reference%20in%20these%20debates.%20This%20paper%20adds%20to%20these%20debates%20by%20providing%20empirical%20evidence%20about%20a%20land%20readjustment%20regulation%20that%20public%20bodies%20can%20use%20to%20modify%20the%20power%20relationships%20between%20public%20and%20private%20parties.%20This%20regulation%20can%20improve%20public%20value%20capturing%20by%20helping%20public%20bodies%20transfer%20the%20costs%20for%20public%20infrastructure%20and%20affordable%20housing%20to%20developers%20while%20capturing%20part%20of%20the%20enhanced%20economic%20value.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2201%5C%2F2014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F0969776412440543%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220969-7764%2C%201461-7145%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0969776412440543%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-10-04T15%3A12%3A37Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Europe%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Spain%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22The%20Netherlands%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22UK%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20readjustment%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20tax%20%28LVT%29%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22policy%20networks%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22property%20rights%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22property%20rights%20in%20land%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20infrastructure%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20value%20capturing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22social%20and%20affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22urban%20governance%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22urban%20regeneration%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222DV4XVWJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6342983%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22van%20der%20Krabben%20and%20Jacobs%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3Bvan%20der%20Krabben%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jacobs%2C%20H.%20M.%20%282013%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS026483771200107X%26%23039%3B%26gt%3BPublic%20land%20development%20as%20a%20strategic%20tool%20for%20redevelopment%3A%20Reflections%20on%20the%20Dutch%20experience%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BLand%20Use%20Policy%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B30%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%20774%5Cu2013783.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.landusepol.2012.06.002%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Public%20land%20development%20as%20a%20strategic%20tool%20for%20redevelopment%3A%20Reflections%20on%20the%20Dutch%20experience%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Erwin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20der%20Krabben%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harvey%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jacobs%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22For%20many%20decades%20cities%20in%20the%20Netherlands%20have%20made%20extensive%20use%20of%20public%20land%20development%20as%20a%20strategic%20tool%20for%20pro-active%20planning.%20This%20paper%20investigates%20the%20Dutch%20experience%20to%20explore%20its%20utility%20both%20in%20the%20Netherlands%20and%20in%20the%20U.S.%20We%20build%20upon%20an%20earlier%20study%20by%20Lefcoe%20%281977%29%20with%20similar%20purposes.%20His%20conclusion%20was%20that%20American%20cities%20should%20be%20cautious%20in%20the%20use%20of%20this%20approach.%20This%20paper%20comes%20to%20the%20same%20conclusion%2C%20but%20does%20so%20taking%20into%20account%20the%20present%20institutional%20contexts%20and%20market%20circumstances%20both%20in%20the%20Netherlands%20and%20the%20U.S.%20It%20is%20argued%20that%20only%20under%20very%20speci%5Cufb01c%20circumstances%20does%20it%20make%20sense%20for%20municipalities%20to%20act%20as%20land%20developers.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20Dutch%20experience%20with%20public%20land%20development%20since%20the%201990s%20demonstrates%20the%20many%20dangers%20there%20can%20be%20to%20this%20land%20development%20strategy.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221%5C%2F2013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.landusepol.2012.06.002%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202648377%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS026483771200107X%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Q8NEZHIK%22%2C%2242LS2SCP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-15T17%3A03%3A35Z%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22The%20Netherlands%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22US%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22affordable%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20policy%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20value%20capture%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20land%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22public%20land%20development%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22social%20housing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22urban%20transformation%20projects%22%7D%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D
Bradley, Q. (2020). The financialisation of housing land supply in England. Urban Studies, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020907278
Gallent, N., Morphet, J., Chiu, R. L. H., Filion, P., Fischer, K. F., Gurran, N., Li, P., Schwartz, A., & Stead, D. (2020). International experience of public infrastructure delivery in support of housing growth. Cities, 107, 102920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102920
Lawson, J., & Ruonavaara, H. (2020). Land policy for affordable and inclusive housing: An international review. RMIT University; University of Turku; Strategic Research; Academy of Finland.
Ryan-Collins, J. (2019). Breaking the housing–finance cycle: Macroeconomic policy reforms for more affordable homes. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 0308518X1986281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19862811
Nzau, & Trillo. (2019). Harnessing the Real Estate Market for Equitable Affordable Housing Provision through Land Value Capture: Insights from San Francisco City, California. Sustainability, 11(13), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133649
Muñoz Gielen, D., & Mualam, N. (2019). A framework for analyzing the effectiveness and efficiency of land readjustment regulations: Comparison of Germany, Spain and Israel. Land Use Policy, 87, 104077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104077
McAllister, P. (2019). The taxing problems of land value capture, planning obligations and viability tests: some reasonable models? Town Planning Review, 90(4), 429–451. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2019.28
Crook, A. D. H. (Tony), & Whitehead, C. (2019). Capturing development value, principles and practice: why is it so difficult? Town Planning Review, 90(4), 359–381. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2019.25
Crosby, N. (2019). Development viability assessment and the provision of affordable housing: a game of 'pass the parcel'? Town Planning Review, 90(4), 407–428. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2019.27
Noring, L. (2019). Public asset corporation: A new vehicle for urban regeneration and infrastructure finance. Cities, 88, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.002
McAllister, P., Shepherd, E., & Wyatt, P. (2018). Policy shifts, developer contributions and land value capture in London 2005–2017. Land Use Policy, 78, 316–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.047
Kershaw, P. (2018). Policy Forum: A Tax Shift—The Case for Rebalancing the Tax Treatment of Earnings and Housing Wealth. Canadian Tax Journal, 66(3), 20.
Howard, J. (2017). Utilizing Transit Oriented Development Funds to Finance Affordable Housing Near Transit Corridors. School of City and Regional Planning Applied Research Papers.
Olajide, O. (2015). TRANSIT VALUE CAPTURE FINANCE: A Global Review towards Measuring Monetary Efficiency [University of British Columbia].
Muñoz-Gielen, D. (2014). Urban governance, property rights, land readjustment and public value capturing. European Urban and Regional Studies, 21(1), 60–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776412440543
van der Krabben, E., & Jacobs, H. M. (2013). Public land development as a strategic tool for redevelopment: Reflections on the Dutch experience. Land Use Policy, 30(1), 774–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.06.002